A 10-year-old patient is suspected of having acute glomerulonephritis. The test that indicates recent streptococcal infection is:

a throat culture.

an antistreptolysin (ASO) titer.

an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio and glomerular filtration rate.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Rationale:
A. A throat culture identifies current streptococcal infection but does not confirm a recent infection that may have triggered glomerulonephritis.
B. An antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer measures antibodies produced in response to a recent group A Streptococcus infection, making it the most reliable test for linking acute glomerulonephritis to a prior streptococcal infection.
C. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a nonspecific marker of inflammation and cannot confirm recent streptococcal infection.
D. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assess kidney function but do not indicate the causative pathogen.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Rationale:
A. Oral NSAIDs can be used for mild pain management in fractures and are commonly considered.
B. Opioids are appropriate for moderate to severe pain associated with open fractures.
C. Tetanus toxoid is important for prophylaxis in open fractures to prevent tetanus infection.
D. Muscle relaxants are the least likely pharmacologic consideration in the acute management of an open tibial fracture, as they do not address the primary issues of pain control, infection prevention, or tetanus prophylaxis.

A. cancer. B. motor vehicle crashes. C. drug overuse. D. suicide.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Rationale:
A. Cancer is a leading cause of death in childhood but is less common than accidents in adolescents.
B. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among adolescents, often due to risky driving behaviors, inexperience, and impaired driving.
C. Drug overdose is a significant concern but ranks below motor vehicle accidents as a cause of death in this age group.
D. Suicide is a major cause of adolescent mortality and increasing in prevalence, but it is second to motor vehicle crashes.

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A 10-year-old patient is suspected of having acute glomerulonephritis. The test that indicates recent streptococcal infection is:

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