A client is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. Based on the client's medical history, which condition increases the risk of developing this disorder?
Diabetes mellitus
Artery disease
Exposure to intravenous contrast media
Orthostatic hypotension
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: Diabetes mellitus is a well-established risk factor for pyelonephritis. It impairs immune function and alters host defense mechanisms, making individuals more susceptible to urinary tract infections that can ascend to the kidneys. Additionally, diabetic nephropathy and autonomic neuropathy can contribute to urinary stasis, further increasing infection risk.
Choice B reason: Artery disease, while associated with systemic vascular compromise, is not directly linked to increased risk of pyelonephritis. It may contribute to renal ischemia but does not predispose to infection in the urinary tract.
Choice C reason: Exposure to intravenous contrast media can cause contrast-induced nephropathy, a form of acute kidney injury, but it does not directly increase the risk of infection or pyelonephritis unless there is pre-existing urinary tract obstruction or instrumentation.
Choice D reason: Orthostatic hypotension is a blood pressure regulation issue and is not associated with urinary tract infections or pyelonephritis. It may reflect autonomic dysfunction but does not directly contribute to infection risk.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hemorrhage is a serious complication of duodenal ulcers but not the most common presenting symptom. It typically occurs in advanced or untreated cases.
Choice B reason: Weight loss may occur in peptic ulcer disease but is more commonly associated with gastric ulcers due to early satiety and anorexia.
Choice C reason: Vomiting can occur but is not a hallmark symptom of duodenal ulcers unless there is obstruction or severe irritation.
Choice D reason: Pain 2 to 3 hours after eating is characteristic of duodenal ulcers. The pain often improves with food intake, distinguishing it from gastric ulcers.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Tea-colored urine may suggest old blood or hematuria but is not the expected finding immediately after continuous bladder irrigation. It may indicate inadequate flushing or clot retention.
Choice B reason: Amber urine is typical in healthy individuals without hematuria. After a prostatectomy with irrigation, urine should be lighter due to dilution and blood clearance.
Choice C reason: Light pink urine is expected 24 hours after continuous bladder irrigation. It reflects mild hematuria and effective irrigation, indicating that bleeding is controlled and the bladder is being adequately flushed.
Choice D reason: Red wine–colored urine suggests active bleeding and may require intervention. It is not a normal finding and could indicate clot formation or hemorrhage.
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