A decrease in pneumotaxic output
The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"B"}
A. Stops: A decrease in pneumotaxic output does not completely halt respiration. The pneumotaxic center modulates the rate and pattern of breathing, so reduced output affects pacing and depth but does not stop the respiratory drive, which is maintained by the medullary respiratory centers.
B. Slows: The pneumotaxic center in the pons regulates the transition between inspiration and expiration, effectively setting the respiratory rate. A decrease in its output prolongs inspiration, resulting in slower respiatory rate while simultaneously allowing greater lung expansion, which increases the depth of each breath.
C. Has no effect on: Reduced pneumotaxic activity does affect respiratory pattern. Without adequate pneumotaxic signaling, the switch from inhalation to exhalation is delayed, so breathing becomes slower and deeper, meaning the statement of “no effect” is inaccurate.
D. Speeds up: Increased pneumotaxic output would accelerate the respiratory rate, not a decrease. Therefore, slowing rather than speeding occurs when pneumotaxic output diminishes, allowing longer inspiratory phases and deeper breaths.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Decreased pH and increased oxygen release: Increased CO₂ production in tissues leads to the formation of carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen ions, lowering blood pH. The Bohr effect describes how this acidic environment reduces hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen release to meet the metabolic demands of tissues.
B. Increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen: Elevated CO₂ and decreased pH actually reduce hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding affinity, facilitating oxygen unloading. An increase in affinity would prevent oxygen delivery to tissues, which contradicts the physiological purpose of the Bohr effect.
C. Increased pH and decreased oxygen release: The opposite occurs in the Bohr effect. CO₂ accumulation lowers pH rather than raising it, and this acidic shift enhances, rather than diminishes, oxygen release from hemoglobin to active tissues.
D. Reduced dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin: Reduced oxygen dissociation would impair tissue oxygenation. The Bohr effect ensures that oxygen is more readily released in areas of high CO₂ and low pH, matching oxygen delivery to local metabolic activity.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Pollen, Mold, Dust: These are common environmental allergens that can trigger an asthma attack by provoking an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Mast cells release histamine and other mediators, causing bronchoconstriction, airway edema, and increased mucus production.
B. Anxiety: Emotional stress and anxiety can precipitate asthma symptoms by stimulating the autonomic nervous system, leading to bronchospasm and hyperventilation. While not an allergen, anxiety is recognized as a non-specific trigger of asthma exacerbations.
C. Caffeine or Tea: Caffeine and tea contain mild bronchodilatory methylxanthines. Rather than triggering asthma, they may slightly relax bronchial smooth muscle and have protective effects against airway constriction. They are not considered asthma triggers.
D. Exercise: Physical activity, especially in cold or dry air, can provoke exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in susceptible individuals. This is a well-established trigger due to increased ventilation and airway cooling, leading to airway hyperreactivity.
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