A nurse is teaching a parent about infant psychosocial development.
According to Erikson, which outcome should the nurse identify as a result of inconsistent care and the failure to meet an infant's basic needs?
Industry.
Mistrust.
Guilt.
Role confusion.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
Industry is the positive outcome of Erikson’s fourth stage of development, Industry vs. Inferiority, which typically occurs during the school-age years (ages 6 to 11). This stage focuses on the child's ability to learn new skills and complete tasks. It is not the result of infant care. In the infant stage, the focus is strictly on the acquisition of security and the reliability of the environment, not on the competence or productivity associated with later childhood.
Choice B rationale
Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development is Trust vs. Mistrust. This stage occurs from birth to approximately 18 months. When a caregiver provides consistent, predictable, and affectionate care, the infant develops a sense of trust. However, if the care is inconsistent, cold, or fails to meet the infant's basic needs for food and comfort, the infant learns to view the world as unreliable and dangerous, resulting in the developmental outcome of mistrust.
Choice C rationale
Guilt is the negative outcome of Erikson’s third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, which occurs during the preschool years (ages 3 to 5). During this time, children begin to assert power and control over their environment through play and social interaction. If their efforts are criticized or controlled too strictly, they may develop a sense of guilt. This is a much more complex cognitive and social stage than the foundational trust-building required during infancy.
Choice D rationale
Role confusion is the negative outcome of the fifth stage of Erikson’s theory, Identity vs. Role Confusion, which occurs during adolescence. At this stage, individuals struggle to develop a personal identity and a sense of self. It is unrelated to the infant’s struggle to find security. The psychosocial needs of an infant are focused on physical and emotional safety, whereas role confusion involves the complex integration of social roles and personal values in young adulthood. .
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Choice A rationale:
Human immunodeficiency virus is a high-risk condition because it can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy, labor, or breastfeeding. Without intervention, the risk of vertical transmission is significant. However, with antiretroviral therapy and proper management, the transmission rate can be reduced to less than 1 percent. It requires intensive monitoring of viral loads and CD4 counts throughout the pregnancy to ensure optimal outcomes.
Choice B rationale
A previous history of a normal delivery at 40 weeks gestation is considered a low-risk factor. It suggests that the mother's reproductive system is capable of carrying a fetus to full term and delivering without major complications. Past obstetric performance is a strong predictor of future outcomes. This history typically places the mother in a routine care category rather than a high-risk category, provided no new medical conditions have developed.
Choice C rationale
Diabetes, whether pregestational or gestational, is a high-risk condition that affects maternal and fetal health. Poorly controlled blood glucose levels increase the risk of congenital anomalies, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Normal fasting glucose should be less than 95 mg/dL. Management involves strict glycemic control through diet, exercise, or insulin. These patients require frequent fetal surveillance, such as non-stress tests and ultrasounds, to monitor for complications like polyhydramnios.
Choice D rationale
Hypertension is a major high-risk factor associated with preeclampsia, placental abruption, and intrauterine growth restriction. Chronic hypertension is defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg before pregnancy or before 20 weeks gestation. It can lead to decreased placental perfusion, resulting in fetal hypoxia and low birth weight. Monitoring blood pressure, protein in the urine, and signs of end-organ damage is essential for the safety of both the mother and child.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Addressing parents by their first names without permission can be seen as overly familiar and unprofessional in many cultures. The nurse must maintain professional boundaries while showing respect. While some parents might prefer first names, the nurse should never assume this level of informality at the start of a clinical relationship. Establishing a professional tone during the admission interview helps set the stage for a relationship based on mutual respect and clear clinical roles.
Choice B rationale
Providing no critique is incorrect because using labels like mom and dad is considered a breach of professional etiquette. It depersonalizes the parents and reduces their identity solely to their relationship with the patient. Effective nursing education involves teaching students to recognize the individuality of family members. Failing to correct this behavior prevents the student from learning how to build a formal, respectful rapport with the families of pediatric patients in a healthcare setting.
Choice C rationale
Using formal titles like Mr. and Mrs. or asking for preferred names is the gold standard for professional communication. Addressing parents as mom and dad can be offensive to some and lacks professional decorum. It is scientifically important to recognize the parent as an individual partner in the child's care. Respecting their identity fosters a better therapeutic alliance, which is shown to improve health outcomes and parental satisfaction during the stressful period of a child's hospital admission.
Choice D rationale
Knowing the relationship between the adult and the child does not justify using informal titles like mom and dad. Professionalism requires the nurse to maintain a certain level of formality unless invited otherwise. Using parental labels can feel patronizing to the adults and may blur the lines of the professional relationship. The preceptor must guide the student to use language that acknowledges the parents' status as autonomous adults rather than just extensions of the pediatric patient.
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