A nurse teaches a client taking glipizide about preventing hypoglycemia. Which statement indicates correct understanding?

Rationale:

A. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets specific brain areas, most commonly the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus, to modulate abnormal neuronal activity. The primary goal of DBS in Parkinson’s disease is to reduce motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia when medications are insufficient or cause significant side effects. A noticeable reduction in these symptoms indicates effective treatment.

B. DBS primarily affects motor pathways, not autonomic regulation. While transient cardiovascular changes may occur during surgery, persistent hypertension or tachycardia is not a desired outcome and may indicate complications rather than therapeutic benefit.

C. Although improved comfort and activity may indirectly enhance sleep or appetite, these are secondary outcomes. DBS is not designed to treat non-motor symptoms such as sleep disturbances or appetite changes, so improvement in these areas does not confirm the primary efficacy of the therapy.

D. Speech issues in Parkinson’s disease, such as hypophonia or monotone speech, are less reliably improved by DBS. In some cases, DBS may even worsen speech due to stimulation parameters or target selection. Therefore, improved speech clarity is not a definitive indicator of treatment effectiveness.

Rationale:

A. Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy and significantly affect blood glucose levels. Eliminating them entirely is unsafe and can lead to ketosis, nutrient deficiencies, and hypoglycemia, especially in Type 1 diabetes where insulin dosing must match carbohydrate intake. Education focuses on carbohydrate counting, not restriction.

B. Maintaining consistent carbohydrate intake helps synchronize with insulin therapy, preventing wide fluctuations in blood glucose levels. This supports better glycemic control and reduces the risk of hypo- or hyperglycemia.

C. A well-balanced diet supports overall health, slows glucose absorption, and provides essential nutrients. Combining macronutrients can moderate postprandial glucose spikes and help maintain satiety.

D. Tracking meals, carbohydrate intake, and blood glucose allows the patient and healthcare team to adjust insulin doses accurately, identify patterns, and optimize diabetes management.

E. Understanding carbohydrate content, calories, and serving sizes is essential for accurate insulin dosing and portion control. Label reading empowers the patient to make informed dietary choices.