A patient presents with edema in their lower extremities. Which mechanism of blood pressure regulation is likely impaired?
Conduction system of the heart
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Colloid osmotic pressure
Baroreceptor reflex
The Correct Answer is B
A. Conduction system of the heart:
The conduction system controls the rhythm and timing of heart contractions, not fluid balance or edema formation. Impairment would cause arrhythmias rather than peripheral edema.
B. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
The RAAS regulates blood volume and sodium/water retention. Overactivation can lead to fluid retention and peripheral edema, especially in conditions like heart failure. Impaired RAAS can also contribute to inadequate compensation for low blood pressure.
C. Colloid osmotic pressure:
Colloid osmotic pressure, mainly from plasma proteins like albumin, maintains fluid within capillaries. Low osmotic pressure can cause edema, but in the context of BP regulation, RAAS dysfunction is more directly related.
D. Baroreceptor reflex:
Baroreceptors detect rapid changes in BP and initiate autonomic responses, but they do not directly cause edema in chronic blood pressure dysregulation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. S3:
S3 occurs during rapid ventricular filling in early diastole and may indicate volume overload or heart failure. It is not related to valve closure.
B. S1:
S1 corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves at the beginning of systole.
C. S2:
S2 occurs at the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) at the end of systole, marking the onset of ventricular diastole. It is best heard at the base of the heart and is the normal “dub” sound.
D. S4:
S4 occurs during atrial contraction at the end of diastole and is associated with a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle. It is not a normal sound and does not correspond to semilunar valve closure.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. To regulate heart rate:
Heart rate is controlled by the SA node and autonomic nervous system, not the pericardial sac.
B. To contract and assist with blood pumping:
The pericardium is non-contractile; it does not generate force to pump blood.
C. To provide a lubricated environment for the heart:
The pericardial sac contains pericardial fluid that reduces friction between the heart and surrounding structures during contraction and relaxation, protecting the heart from mechanical stress.
D. To store blood during diastole:
The pericardium does not store blood; ventricular chambers store blood transiently during diastole.
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