A patient tests positive for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) after sharing a needle while abusing IV drugs. What link in the chain of infection does the patient illustrate?
The reservoir or host
The portal of exit
The mode of transmission
The portal of entry
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: The reservoir or host refers to the environment or organism where the pathogen normally lives and multiplies. In HIV, the reservoir is the human body, but in this scenario the focus is not on where the virus resides—it is on how it was transmitted.
Choice B reason: The portal of exit is the path by which the pathogen leaves the reservoir, such as blood, respiratory secretions, or other bodily fluids. While HIV exits through blood, the question emphasizes the act of sharing needles, which is not the exit but the transmission route.
Choice C reason: The mode of transmission is the method by which the pathogen spreads from one host to another. Sharing contaminated needles is a direct mode of transmission for HIV because blood containing the virus is introduced into another person’s bloodstream. This is the critical link illustrated in the scenario.
Choice D reason: The portal of entry is how the pathogen enters the new host, such as through mucous membranes, skin breaks, or direct injection. While HIV enters through the bloodstream, the scenario highlights the act of sharing needles, which is the transmission mechanism rather than the entry point itself.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Medication errors are a major patient safety risk in healthcare facilities. They can occur during prescribing, dispensing, or administration and may result in adverse drug events, prolonged hospitalization, or even death.
Choice B reason: Falling off a ladder is not a typical patient safety risk within a healthcare facility. Patients are not expected to use ladders in clinical settings, so this option is irrelevant.
Choice C reason: Pressure ulcers are a significant risk, especially for immobile or critically ill patients. They result from prolonged pressure on the skin and can lead to infection, pain, and increased length of stay. Preventive measures such as repositioning and skin care are essential.
Choice D reason: Falling out of bed is a common safety risk, particularly for elderly or confused patients. Falls can cause fractures, head injuries, and other complications, making fall prevention a priority in healthcare facilities.
Choice E reason: Latex reactions are a recognized safety risk, especially for patients with latex allergies. Exposure can cause mild skin irritation or severe anaphylaxis. Facilities must use latex-free products for sensitive patients.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is incorrect because family members cannot force the patient to bathe. The nurse must first assess the patient’s reasons for refusal and address them appropriately.
Choice B reason: This is inappropriate because a sedative is not indicated for refusal to bathe. Sedation does not address the underlying issue and poses unnecessary risks.
Choice C reason: This is the correct action because assessing the patient’s reasons for refusal allows the nurse to understand barriers and provide education. Informing the patient of risks such as infection and skin breakdown promotes informed decision-making and respects autonomy.
Choice D reason: This is incorrect because forcing the patient to bathe violates autonomy and may cause distress. Patient-centered care requires collaboration and respect for choices, even when encouraging hygiene.
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