A patient with hypervolemia should have treatment focused on:
Increasing fluid intake
Administering intravenous fluids
Reversing the underlying cause of fluid retention
Stimulating thirst mechanisms
The Correct Answer is C
A. Increasing fluid intake: Hypervolemia is characterized by excess extracellular fluid volume, often due to renal failure, heart failure, or excessive sodium retention. Increasing fluid intake would further expand intravascular and interstitial volume, worsening edema, hypertension, and risk of pulmonary congestion.
B. Administering intravenous fluids: Intravenous fluids are indicated in hypovolemia or shock states, not in fluid overload. Administering IV fluids in hypervolemia would exacerbate increased preload, elevate hydrostatic pressures, and potentially precipitate complications such as pulmonary edema or heart failure exacerbation.
C. Reversing the underlying cause of fluid retention: Management of hypervolemia targets the root cause, such as impaired renal excretion, excessive sodium intake, or heart failure. Interventions may include diuretics, sodium restriction, fluid restriction, or optimizing cardiac function, all directed at correcting the mechanism driving fluid accumulation.
D. Stimulating thirst mechanisms: Stimulating thirst would increase fluid intake and further worsen volume overload. In hypervolemia, strategies often involve fluid restriction rather than encouraging intake, as the primary issue is excess circulating volume, not deficiency.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Correct answer: False
Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and transport it toward larger veins. Their walls are thin compared with arteries, consisting primarily of a layer of endothelial cells and a thin layer of smooth muscle; the outer layer of connective tissue is relatively thin, not thick. This structure allows venules to be highly compliant and accommodate varying volumes of blood, but they do not have the thick muscular and connective layers characteristic of larger veins or arteries.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Presence of atherosclerotic plaques: Atherosclerotic plaques narrow and irregularly distort the arterial lumen, disrupting normal laminar blood flow. The uneven surface and reduced vessel diameter increase flow velocity and create eddy currents, leading to turbulence. This turbulent flow is often auscultated as a bruit and contributes to endothelial injury and thrombus formation.
B. Slow and smooth blood flow: Slow, steady flow typically promotes laminar movement of blood layers with minimal mixing or disturbance. Laminar flow is characterized by smooth, parallel layers and occurs in healthy vessels without obstruction. It does not generate turbulence under normal physiologic conditions.
C. Decreased heart workload: A reduced cardiac workload generally lowers cardiac output and flow velocity. Lower velocity flow is less likely to exceed the critical Reynolds number required to produce turbulence, especially in vessels without structural abnormalities.
D. Increased venous compliance: Increased venous compliance allows veins to expand and accommodate more blood at lower pressures. This tends to reduce flow velocity and maintain smoother flow patterns. Turbulence is more commonly associated with high velocity and narrowed arterial segments rather than compliant venous systems.
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