According to Erikson's theory, which activity is most appropriate to promote development in a 10-year-old child?
Coloring in a book.
Building a model airplane.
Playing dress-up.
Stacking wooden blocks.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
Coloring in a book is a simple fine motor activity that is more characteristic of a preschooler or a very young school-age child. While it can be relaxing, it does not provide the level of challenge or the opportunity for mastery required to satisfy the developmental needs of a 10-year-old. At this age, children seek more complex tasks that result in a tangible sense of accomplishment and contribute to their self-esteem.
Choice B rationale
According to Erikson, the developmental stage for a 10-year-old is Industry vs. Inferiority. Children at this age need to engage in tasks that require persistence, skill, and result in a finished product. Building a model airplane is an ideal activity because it involves following complex instructions, fine motor coordination, and a clear goal. Successfully completing the model fosters a sense of competence and industry, which is the primary developmental goal of this period.
Choice C rationale
Playing dress-up is an example of dramatic or symbolic play, which is the primary developmental activity for children in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage, usually ages 3 to 5. While older children might participate in organized theater, basic "dress-up" is less about industry and more about exploring different roles through imagination. It does not typically provide the structured challenge or the achievement-oriented outcome that a school-age child requires for healthy development.
Choice D rationale
Stacking wooden blocks is a motor skill activity suited for toddlers in the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage. For a 10-year-old, this task is far too simple and would not provide any sense of "industry" or growth. Developmental activities must match the child's increasing cognitive and physical capabilities. A school-age child needs tasks that involve social comparison, technical skill, and the successful application of logic and tools to create something. .
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Incontinence is a critical component of the SPICES acronym, representing the letter I. It refers to the involuntary loss of urine or feces, which is a common but not normal part of aging. Assessing for incontinence is vital because it can lead to social isolation, skin breakdown, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections. It often indicates underlying physiological issues or functional limitations that require specific nursing interventions to manage.
Choice B rationale
Sleep disorders represent the letter S in the SPICES framework. Older adults often experience changes in circadian rhythms, leading to insomnia or fragmented sleep. Poor sleep quality can exacerbate cognitive impairment, increase the risk of falls due to fatigue, and negatively impact the immune system. Evaluating sleep patterns allows the nurse to identify environmental or physiological factors that may be disrupting the restorative rest necessary for maintaining the health of the elderly.
Choice C rationale
Vaccination status is an important aspect of preventative health care for older adults, but it is not part of the SPICES assessment tool. The SPICES framework is designed specifically to identify common geriatric syndromes that lead to functional decline and increased morbidity. While maintaining immunizations is a standard nursing intervention for the elderly, it does not fit into the six specific marker conditions that the SPICES acronym was created to monitor.
Choice D rationale
Confusion represents the letter C in the SPICES framework and is essential for identifying delirium, dementia, or depression in older adults. Acute confusion or delirium is often a sign of an underlying medical issue such as an infection or medication toxicity. Assessing mental status is crucial because cognitive changes can significantly impact a client's safety, their ability to perform activities of daily living, and their overall quality of life.
Choice E rationale
Skin breakdown represents the second S in the SPICES framework. Older adults are at a higher risk for pressure ulcers and skin tears due to age-related changes such as thinning of the dermis, decreased subcutaneous fat, and reduced vascularity. Assessing skin integrity is a priority because breakdown can lead to severe infections and prolonged hospitalization. Monitoring this parameter helps the nurse implement early interventions like frequent repositioning and nutritional support.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Supporting autonomy requires the nurse to provide objective information that allows the patient to exercise their own self-determination. By inserting a personal preference into the conversation, the nurse is actually undermining the patient's independence. Autonomy is protected when the healthcare provider remains neutral and encourages the patient to weigh the risks and benefits based on their own values rather than adopting the values or opinions of the medical staff.
Choice B rationale
Professional advice should be based on clinical evidence, pathophysiology, and statistical outcomes rather than the nurse's personal feelings. Using the phrase if it were me shifts the focus from the patient's clinical needs to the nurse's subjective experience. This approach violates the principles of evidence-based practice because it replaces scientific data with an anecdotal perspective, which does not provide a reliable basis for a patient to make a medical decision.
Choice C rationale
This response constitutes sharing a personal opinion, which is a non-therapeutic communication technique. It can lead to undue influence or pressure on the client, potentially causing them to make a choice that does not align with their personal beliefs. In nursing ethics, the professional boundary is crossed when a provider uses their position of authority to sway a vulnerable patient's decision-making process through the use of subjective, value-laden statements.
Choice D rationale
Encouraging a decision is best achieved through therapeutic techniques such as reflection, active listening, or clarifying the patient's concerns. Simply stating what the nurse would do does not facilitate the patient's decision-making process; instead, it provides a shortcut that bypasses the patient's need to process their anxiety. To truly encourage a decision, the nurse should ask open-ended questions that help the patient explore their hesitation regarding the upcoming surgical procedure.
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