Breathing with the head inside a paper bag can lead to
urinary acidosis
urinary alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
The Correct Answer is C
A. urinary acidosis: The renal system responds to systemic acid-base imbalances by secreting hydrogen ions or reabsorbing bicarbonate, but it is not the primary physiological state induced by localized rebreathing. Urinary changes are a compensatory mechanism rather than the direct result of the respiratory disturbance. This choice confuses a compensatory response with the primary insult.
B. urinary alkalosis: The kidneys would excrete bicarbonate in an attempt to compensate for alkalosis, not the acidosis caused by carbon dioxide retention. Rebreathing into a bag leads to hypercapnia, which necessitates an acidic urinary response for compensation. Therefore, an alkaline urine profile would be inappropriate and physiologically counterproductive in this specific clinical scenario.
C. respiratory acidosis: Rebreathing into a paper bag causes the accumulation of expired carbon dioxide within the bag, which is then inhaled. This leads to hypercapnia, an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, shifting the bicarbonate buffer equation toward hydrogen ion production. The resulting decrease in systemic pH is classified as respiratory acidosis.
D. metabolic alkalosis: This condition is characterized by an primary increase in bicarbonate or a loss of metabolic acids, such as through severe vomiting. Breathing into a bag affects the volatile acid, carbon dioxide, rather than metabolic fixed acids or bases. Consequently, this respiratory intervention cannot directly induce a primary metabolic alkaline state.
E. metabolic acidosis: Metabolic acidosis arises from the accumulation of non-volatile acids like lactic acid or ketones, or the loss of bicarbonate. While respiratory acidosis can coexist with metabolic issues, the act of rebreathing specifically targets the respiratory component of acid-base balance. It does not primarily alter the metabolic production or excretion of fixed acids.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. decrease the production of aldosterone: Angiotensin 2 serves as the primary secretagogue for the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It directly stimulates the synthesis and release of aldosterone to enhance sodium retention. Increasing aldosterone is a vital step in the homeostatic response to low blood pressure.
B. decrease water absorption: This effector molecule promotes water retention by stimulating thirst centers in the hypothalamus and increasing the release of antidiuretic hormone. It also enhances sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which creates an osmotic gradient for water. These actions collectively increase total body water volume.
C. decrease arterial blood pressure: Angiotensin 2 is one of the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictors known in human physiology. Its primary systemic effect is to increase peripheral resistance and venous return to elevate blood pressure. Decreasing pressure would contradict the corrective goals of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
D. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure: By binding to AT1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle, angiotensin 2 induces rapid systemic vasoconstriction. This increases systemic vascular resistance and immediately raises arterial blood pressure to maintain organ perfusion. It specifically targets the efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration during hypotension.
E. increase the production of ADH: While angiotensin 2 does stimulate the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone, choice D is the most direct and comprehensive description of its primary cardiovascular function. ADH works synergistically with angiotensin 2 to restore blood volume and pressure. Both are essential for long-term hemodynamic stability.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. estrogen: Estrogen is the primary hormone responsible for female secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development and pelvic widening. While males produce small amounts of estrogen through the aromatization of testosterone, it does not drive the development of male traits. Excessive estrogen in males can lead to feminization.
B. progesterone: This hormone is primarily involved in the female menstrual cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy. It prepares the endometrium for implantation and supports the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. It plays no significant role in the development of male secondary sex characteristics or male reproductive maturation.
C. testosterone: Secreted by the interstitial endocrine cells of the testes, testosterone is the primary androgen responsible for male maturation. It drives the growth of facial and body hair, the deepening of the voice through laryngeal enlargement, and the increase in muscle mass. It is also essential for the initiation of spermatogenesis.
D. growth hormone: While growth hormone is essential for overall somatic growth and bone elongation during puberty, it does not specifically determine sexual characteristics. It works synergistically with sex steroids but lacks the specific androgenic effects required for the development of male-specific traits. Its action is generalized across most body tissues.
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