Causes of hypoactive bowel sounds include:
paralytic ileus following abdominal surgery
gastroenteritis
borborygmus in the adult
congenital defect in infants
The Correct Answer is A
Hypoactive bowel sounds reflect a decrease in the frequency and intensity of peristaltic contractions, often resulting from autonomic nervous system shifts. This condition is common in the postoperative period due to the inhibitory effects of anesthetic agents and bowel manipulation. Prolonged suppression may lead to a full paralytic ileus.
A. paralytic ileus following abdominal surgery: General anesthesia and physical handling of the intestines during surgery temporarily halt or slow smooth muscle contraction. This results in sparse, faint bowel sounds during the recovery phase. This is the most common clinical cause of hypoactivity in hospitalized patients.
B. gastroenteritis: This inflammatory condition typically causes hyperactive bowel sounds due to increased motility and fluid secretion within the intestinal lumen. The rapid movement of air and fluid produces frequent, loud, splashing sounds. It is the opposite of the quiet state seen in hypoactivity.
C. borborygmus in the adult: Borborygmus refers to the loud, rumbling, or growling sounds produced by gas moving through the intestines. These are considered hyperactive or normal sounds associated with hunger or active digestion. They do not represent a decrease in bowel activity.
D. congenital defect in infants: While certain defects like pyloric stenosis might alter sounds, "congenital defect" is too general a term and does not inherently imply hypoactivity. Most neonatal GI obstructions present with specific localized findings. It is not a standard general cause for hypoactive sounds.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is {"A":{"answers":"A"},"B":{"answers":"A"},"C":{"answers":"B"},"D":{"answers":"B"}}
Explanation
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune condition characterized by chronic synovial inflammation and symmetrical joint destruction. In contrast, Osteoarthritis (OA) is a localized degenerative process resulting from mechanical wear and tear of the articular cartilage. These conditions are differentiated clinically by the duration of morning stiffness and the specific joints affected.
Osteoarthritis (OA): This wear-and-tear disease typically affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees (D). Morning stiffness is brief, usually resolving in less than 30 minutes once the joint is moved (B). These findings reflect the non-inflammatory, mechanical nature of the cartilaginous breakdown in OA.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): As an autoimmune disease (C), the body's immune system attacks the joint linings, causing significant systemic symptoms. This inflammation leads to prolonged morning stiffness that lasts more than 1 hour (A). The stiffness is often widespread and requires significant activity to alleviate.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Pronation of the hand occurs when the radius rotates medially around its longitudinal axis, crossing over the ulna. This movement results in the palm facing posteriorly (downward) and the thumb pointing toward the body's midline. It is controlled by the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles and is a key component of the neurological motor exam.
A. Pronation: The image in "image_b56957.png" displays the hand with the dorsum (back) facing the viewer and the palm facing downward. This is the hallmark anatomical position of a pronated forearm. It is the correct term for the orientation shown.
B. Extension: Extension at the wrist would involve moving the hand toward the dorsal surface of the forearm. While the hand is straight, "extension" describes a joint angle rather than the rotational orientation of the palm. It does not describe the specific cross-over of the forearm bones seen here.
C. Supination: Supination is the opposite of the position shown; it would feature the palm facing upward (anteriorly) with the radius and ulna parallel. Since the back of the hand is visible and the palm is hidden, the hand is not in supination.
D. Flexion: Wrist flexion involves bending the palm toward the ventral surface of the forearm. The hand in the image is held in a neutral, straight line with the arm. Therefore, the term "flexion" does not apply to the position depicted.
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