The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"B"}
A. Inotropes: Inotropes, such as digoxin or dobutamine, increase the contractile force of the heart to improve cardiac output. They do not directly remove excess fluid or reduce blood volume.
B. Diuretics: Diuretics promote the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, reducing intravascular volume and venous pressure. This alleviates symptoms of fluid overload, such as pulmonary edema and peripheral edema, and decreases the workload on the failing heart, making them a cornerstone in symptomatic management of heart failure.
C. ACE inhibitors: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower afterload and inhibit RAAS, reducing blood pressure and preventing cardiac remodeling. While they indirectly reduce fluid retention by decreasing aldosterone levels, they are not the primary agents for rapid fluid removal.
D. Beta blockers: Beta blockers decrease sympathetic stimulation, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen demand. They improve long-term cardiac function but do not directly increase sodium or water excretion.
E. ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers inhibit RAAS-mediated vasoconstriction and sodium retention, reducing afterload and preventing remodeling. Similar to ACE inhibitors, they have a modest effect on fluid retention but are not the main therapy for removing excess fluid.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Correct answer: False
Preload refers to the degree of stretch of the ventricular myocardial fibers at the end of diastole, just before ventricular contraction. It is influenced by the volume of blood returning to the heart (venous return) and the compliance of the ventricular walls. End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the actual volume of blood present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. While preload is closely related to EDV, it is a functional measure of myocardial fiber stretch rather than a direct measurement of blood volume. Thus, preload describes the mechanical tension on the myocardium, whereas EDV quantifies the volume of blood in the chamber.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. It binds and stores oxygen for aerobic metabolism: Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein located within the cytoplasm of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. It serves as an intracellular oxygen reservoir, facilitating rapid oxygen delivery to mitochondria during periods of high metabolic demand. This supports sustained aerobic metabolism and continuous ATP production necessary for cardiac contraction.
B. It transports glucose into heart cells: Glucose transport into cardiomyocytes is mediated by glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT4), not by myoglobin. Myoglobin’s role is specifically related to oxygen handling, not nutrient transport.
C. It generates electrical impulses for contraction: Electrical impulses in the heart are generated by pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node and conducted through the cardiac conduction system. Myoglobin has no role in depolarization or action potential propagation.
D. It breaks down fatty acids into ATP: Fatty acid oxidation occurs in mitochondria through beta-oxidation, producing ATP. Myoglobin does not catalyze this process; its primary function is oxygen storage and delivery to support mitochondrial metabolism.
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