The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"B"}
A. Inotropes: Inotropes, such as digoxin or dobutamine, increase the contractile force of the heart to improve cardiac output. They do not directly remove excess fluid or reduce blood volume.
B. Diuretics: Diuretics promote the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, reducing intravascular volume and venous pressure. This alleviates symptoms of fluid overload, such as pulmonary edema and peripheral edema, and decreases the workload on the failing heart, making them a cornerstone in symptomatic management of heart failure.
C. ACE inhibitors: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower afterload and inhibit RAAS, reducing blood pressure and preventing cardiac remodeling. While they indirectly reduce fluid retention by decreasing aldosterone levels, they are not the primary agents for rapid fluid removal.
D. Beta blockers: Beta blockers decrease sympathetic stimulation, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen demand. They improve long-term cardiac function but do not directly increase sodium or water excretion.
E. ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers inhibit RAAS-mediated vasoconstriction and sodium retention, reducing afterload and preventing remodeling. Similar to ACE inhibitors, they have a modest effect on fluid retention but are not the main therapy for removing excess fluid.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Correct answer: False
Preload refers to the degree of stretch of the ventricular myocardial fibers at the end of diastole, just before ventricular contraction. It is influenced by the volume of blood returning to the heart (venous return) and the compliance of the ventricular walls. End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the actual volume of blood present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. While preload is closely related to EDV, it is a functional measure of myocardial fiber stretch rather than a direct measurement of blood volume. Thus, preload describes the mechanical tension on the myocardium, whereas EDV quantifies the volume of blood in the chamber.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. It is caused only by infections: Heart failure has multiple causes, including chronic hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, valvular disorders, and cardiomyopathies. While infections such as myocarditis can contribute, they are not the sole cause.
B. It always results in a heart attack: Heart failure is a condition of impaired cardiac function, whereas a heart attack (myocardial infarction) is an acute event caused by coronary artery blockage. Heart failure may develop after a heart attack, but it does not always result from one.
C. It does not affect blood circulation: Heart failure directly impairs the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively, reducing cardiac output and often causing fluid buildup in the lungs and systemic circulation. Circulatory compromise is a hallmark of the condition.
D. It is a condition where the heart can't pump blood properly: Heart failure occurs when the myocardium cannot generate sufficient force to maintain adequate blood flow to meet the body’s metabolic demands. This can involve systolic dysfunction (impaired contraction), diastolic dysfunction (impaired filling), or a combination, leading to fluid retention, congestion, and reduced tissue perfusion.
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