From the glomerulus blood flows into the:
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Interlobar vein
Arcuate vein
Peritubular capillaries
The Correct Answer is B
A. Afferent arteriole: This vessel serves as the high-resistance inflow pathway that delivers blood into the glomerular capillary tuft for filtration. It precedes the glomerulus in the renal microcirculatory sequence rather than following it. Its primary role is regulating the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
B. Efferent arteriole: Blood exits the glomerular capillaries through this vessel, which maintains the high-pressure system necessary for efficient ultrafiltration. This unique portal arrangement allows for the subsequent delivery of blood to either peritubular capillaries or vasa recta. It is the immediate downstream vessel from the glomerulus.
C. Interlobar vein: These vessels are located much further downstream in the centripetal drainage system, situated between the renal pyramids. Blood must first pass through the efferent arterioles and peritubular networks before reaching the venous return. It represents a macroscopic stage of drainage rather than a direct glomerular exit.
D. Arcuate vein: These veins run along the boundary between the renal cortex and medulla, collecting blood from the cortical radiate veins. They represent a late stage in the venous exit pathway and are not in direct contact with the glomerular capillaries. Their function is to transport deoxygenated blood toward the interlobar veins.
E. Peritubular capillaries: While these vessels do receive blood from the efferent arterioles in cortical nephrons, they are not the immediate exit point from the glomerulus. The efferent arteriole serves as a necessary resistance vessel between the glomerular tuft and these low-pressure capillaries. The glomerular blood must traverse the efferent arteriole first.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Because the filtration membrane is impermeable to water: The glomerular filtration membrane is highly permeable to water to allow for the production of 180 L of filtrate daily. Impermeability would prevent renal function entirely. Its high hydraulic conductivity is essential for the rapid movement of fluid and solutes.
B. Because osmolarity affects smooth muscle contraction: While ions affect excitability, the sensitivity of filtration to osmolarity is primarily a function of Starling forces. Direct smooth muscle effects do not explain the precise sensitivity of the filtration rate. The primary mechanism involves the balance of pressures in the capillaries.
C. Because of the low net filtration pressure across the filtration membrane: Net filtration pressure (NFP) is approximately 10 mmHg, representing the slim margin between hydrostatic and oncotic forces. Small changes in blood osmolarity alter the colloid osmotic pressure. Because the NFP is so low, these shifts significantly impact the total GFR.
D. Because osmolarity regulates aldosterone secretion: Aldosterone is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and serum potassium levels, not small fluctuations in blood osmolarity. Osmolarity primarily triggers ADH release. Furthermore, aldosterone affects tubular reabsorption, not the initial filtration rate at the glomerular tuft.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Sodium and potassium: These cells represent the primary site for aldosterone-mediated electrolyte regulation in the distal nephron. They utilize apical sodium channels and potassium channels to facilitate sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. This mechanism is critical for maintaining systemic fluid balance and normokalemia.
B. Glucose and urea: Glucose reabsorption occurs almost exclusively in the proximal convoluted tubule via specialized sodium-glucose cotransporters. While the medullary collecting ducts are permeable to urea under certain conditions, principal cells do not regulate its transport. Their metabolic machinery is specialized for ion and water homeostasis.
C. Bicarbonate and chloride: Acid-base balance and bicarbonate transport are the primary functions of intercalated cells, which are distinct from principal cells. While chloride often follows sodium passively, principal cells do not actively regulate its concentrations. Intercalated cells manage the secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
D. Calcium and phosphate: The regulation of these minerals occurs primarily in the proximal tubule and the distal convoluted tubule under parathyroid hormone influence. Principal cells lack the specific receptors and transporters required for significant calcium or phosphate handling. Their role is restricted to water and monovalent cation transport.
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