How do enveloped animal viruses exit their host?
Budding or exocytosis
Rupturing the virus
Endocytosis
Bursting the host cell
The Correct Answer is A
A. Budding or exocytosis: Enveloped viruses acquire their lipid envelope from the host cell membrane during exit. This process occurs via budding, where the viral capsid pushes through the host cell’s plasma membrane, incorporating host lipids into the viral envelope, or via exocytosis, where the virus is transported in vesicles and released without immediately lysing the cell. This allows the host cell to remain viable for a period, facilitating viral production.
B. Rupturing the virus: Viruses themselves do not rupture; they rely on host cell processes for replication and exit. Rupturing the viral particle would destroy the virus, so this is not a method of viral release.
C. Endocytosis: Endocytosis is a mechanism by which host cells internalize viruses, not a method for viral exit. Viruses enter cells through endocytosis to initiate infection but leave through budding or exocytosis.
D. Bursting the host cell: Lysis or bursting is a common exit strategy for non-enveloped viruses but not for enveloped viruses. Enveloped viruses avoid immediate lysis to preserve the host membrane needed for their lipid envelope, allowing for more controlled release.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Transduction: Transduction is the transfer of bacterial DNA from one cell to another via a bacteriophage (virus). It does not require direct physical contact between bacterial cells; the virus mediates the DNA transfer.
B. Transformation: Transformation involves the uptake of free DNA fragments from the environment by a bacterial cell. Physical contact between cells is not necessary, as the DNA is incorporated from the surrounding medium.
C. Transduction and conjugation: While conjugation requires physical contact, transduction does not. Therefore, combining the two does not accurately describe a process that exclusively requires cell-to-cell contact.
D. Conjugation: Conjugation is a process in which one bacterial cell transfers DNA directly to another through a pilus (sex pilus). Physical contact is essential for this mechanism, making it the only option listed that requires cell-to-cell interaction for DNA transfer.
E. Transformation and conjugation: Transformation does not require physical contact, so pairing it with conjugation does not correctly reflect the requirement for contact in all listed processes. Only conjugation depends on direct contact.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. mRNA: During transcription, a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA polymerase binds to the DNA, unwinds the double helix, and assembles a complementary RNA strand. This mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus (or nucleoid in prokaryotes) to the ribosome for translation into protein.
B. Protein: Proteins are not produced during transcription. Protein synthesis occurs during translation, where ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
C. Polypeptide: Polypeptides are the direct product of translation, not transcription. Transcription only generates the RNA template needed to guide the sequential assembly of amino acids into a functional polypeptide.
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