"Promoters" are substances that:
Cause cancer cells to grow faster.
Help prevent cancer cells from invading other cells.
Enhance the effect of chemotherapy drugs.
Help cancer cells metastasize to other areas.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Promoters are substances that do not directly cause DNA mutations but accelerate the growth and proliferation of cells that have already undergone an initiating mutation. They create an environment favorable for the clonal expansion of pre-malignant cells, leading to tumor development. This distinguishes them from initiators, which are directly genotoxic and cause the initial DNA damage.
Choice B rationale
Promoters do not help prevent cancer cells from invading other cells. Instead, their action is to enhance the proliferation of transformed cells, thereby contributing to tumor growth and progression. Mechanisms that prevent invasion typically involve modulating cell adhesion, extracellular matrix degradation, or cell motility, which are distinct from promoter activities.
Choice C rationale
Promoters are involved in carcinogenesis, the development of cancer, and do not directly enhance the effect of chemotherapy drugs. Chemotherapy drugs primarily target rapidly dividing cells or specific molecular pathways within cancer cells to induce cytotoxicity or inhibit growth. The mechanisms of promoters are distinct from those involved in modulating drug efficacy.
Choice D rationale
Promoters primarily act by increasing the rate of cell division and clonal expansion of initiated cells within the local environment, contributing to primary tumor growth. While tumor growth is a prerequisite for metastasis, promoters do not directly facilitate the complex processes of invasion, intravasation, survival in circulation, extravasation, and colonization in distant sites that characterize metastasis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Breast tenderness is a common side effect of hormone therapy for breast cancer, particularly therapies that modulate estrogen levels, like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). While it can be uncomfortable, it is generally not considered a "serious effect" compared to life-threatening complications.
Choice B rationale
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious and well-documented risk associated with certain hormone therapies for breast cancer, particularly tamoxifen. This increased risk is due to the procoagulant effects of these medications, altering the delicate balance of clotting factors in the blood, increasing venous stasis risk. Normal INR for those not on anticoagulants is 0.8-1.1.
Choice C rationale
An increase in facial hair, or hirsutism, can be a side effect of some hormonal manipulations, especially those involving androgenic effects. However, it is typically a cosmetic concern and not classified as a serious or life-threatening complication of breast cancer hormone therapy.
Choice D rationale
Menstrual-like bleeding, or vaginal bleeding, can occur with certain hormone therapies like tamoxifen due to their effects on the endometrium. While it warrants monitoring for endometrial hyperplasia or cancer, it is often a manageable side effect and not as acutely serious as DVT.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Chemotherapy agents are distributed systemically throughout the body via the bloodstream. This systemic distribution allows them to reach cancer cells in various locations but also leads to widespread effects on normal, rapidly dividing cells, causing a broad range of systemic side effects like nausea, fatigue, and hair loss.
Choice B rationale
Chemotherapeutic drugs primarily target rapidly dividing cells by interfering with various stages of the cell cycle, such as DNA replication or mitosis. Unfortunately, normal healthy cells with high proliferation rates, like those in bone marrow, hair follicles, and the gastrointestinal tract, are also affected, leading to common side effects.
Choice C rationale
This statement is incorrect. Chemotherapy is associated with numerous disadvantages and adverse effects due to its non-specific targeting of rapidly dividing cells. These disadvantages range from mild discomforts like nausea to severe, life-threatening complications like myelosuppression and organ toxicity.
Choice D rationale
Chemotherapy agents exert their cytotoxic effects by disrupting cellular processes during vulnerable phases of the cell cycle (e.g., S phase for DNA synthesis inhibitors, M phase for mitotic inhibitors). Cancer cells, with their uncontrolled proliferation, are often caught in these vulnerable phases, making them susceptible to the drug's action.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.