Removal of the _______ will be most harmful of all for a one-year-old child
thymus
spleen
appendix
lymph node
palatine tonsil
The Correct Answer is A
A. Thymus: The thymus is essential for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes, particularly in infants and young children. Removing the thymus at one year of age would severely impair adaptive immunity, leaving the child highly susceptible to infections.
B. Spleen: While the spleen plays a significant role in filtering blood and mounting immune responses, its removal is less immediately catastrophic in a one-year-old than removal of the thymus. Children can survive with partial immune support from other lymphoid tissues.
C. Appendix: The appendix contains lymphoid tissue but is not essential for immune function. Its removal has minimal long-term impact on immunity, even in young children.
D. Lymph node: Lymph nodes contribute to local immune responses, but their removal does not drastically impair systemic immunity. Other nodes can compensate for the loss of individual lymph nodes.
E. Palatine tonsil: Tonsils provide localized immune surveillance in the oropharynx. Removal may slightly reduce immune defense in that area, but systemic immunity remains largely intact.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Blood vessel diameter:Vessel diameter has the greatest influence on blood flow resistance because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius. Small changes in diameter, especially in arterioles, can dramatically increase or decrease resistance, making it the most significant factor.
B. Blood vessel type:While different types of vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins) have structural differences, the type itself does not directly determine resistance as much as the diameter within those vessels.
C. Blood viscosity:Blood viscosity affects resistance, with thicker blood increasing friction. However, normal physiological variations in viscosity are relatively minor compared with the impact of changes in vessel diameter.
D. Total blood vessel length:Longer vessels contribute to higher resistance, but vessel length is generally constant in adults. Therefore, its effect on resistance is less significant than diameter, which can change dynamically through vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes:Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and trigger rapid, short-term responses via the autonomic nervous system. While effective for immediate adjustments, they do not provide sustained long-term regulation of blood pressure.
B. Chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes:Chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels, influencing heart rate and respiratory rate. Their effects are primarily short-term and reactive rather than long-term blood pressure regulation.
C. Renal regulation:The kidneys regulate blood pressure over the long term by controlling blood volume through sodium and water retention or excretion. Mechanisms such as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system adjust vascular resistance and fluid balance, providing sustained blood pressure control.
D. Neural controls:Neural mechanisms, including sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation, provide rapid adjustments to maintain blood pressure. These controls act within seconds to minutes, making them short-term rather than long-term regulators.
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