The glottis is made up of vestibular folds, vocal folds, and the space between them, and is involved in

A. Decreased pH and increased oxygen release: Increased CO₂ production in tissues leads to the formation of carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen ions, lowering blood pH. The Bohr effect describes how this acidic environment reduces hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen release to meet the metabolic demands of tissues.

B. Increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen: Elevated CO₂ and decreased pH actually reduce hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding affinity, facilitating oxygen unloading. An increase in affinity would prevent oxygen delivery to tissues, which contradicts the physiological purpose of the Bohr effect.

C. Increased pH and decreased oxygen release: The opposite occurs in the Bohr effect. CO₂ accumulation lowers pH rather than raising it, and this acidic shift enhances, rather than diminishes, oxygen release from hemoglobin to active tissues.

D. Reduced dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin: Reduced oxygen dissociation would impair tissue oxygenation. The Bohr effect ensures that oxygen is more readily released in areas of high CO₂ and low pH, matching oxygen delivery to local metabolic activity.

A. Prostaglandins: Prostaglandins are lipid mediators released during inflammation that contribute to vasodilation, pain, and fever. While they play a role in inflammatory responses in the airways, they are not the primary mediator responsible for acute bronchoconstriction during an allergic reaction.

B. Histamine: Histamine is the central mediator released from mast cells during an allergic reaction. It binds to H₁ receptors in the respiratory tract, causing bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, and mucus production, all of which contribute directly to airway obstruction and the clinical manifestations of allergic asthma.

C. Eicosanoid: Eicosanoids, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, are involved in the later stages of inflammation and contribute to sustained bronchoconstriction and edema. However, they are secondary mediators compared to histamine in the immediate airway response.

D. Bradykinin: Bradykinin is a peptide that promotes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain. It plays a minor role in airway inflammation but is not the central mediator responsible for acute airway obstruction in allergic reactions.

E. Omega-3: Omega-3 fatty acids are dietary components with anti-inflammatory properties. They do not function as mediators in allergic responses or cause airway obstruction, and their presence does not trigger mast cell–mediated bronchoconstriction.