The laboratory test to screen for gestational diabetes is:

A. Syphilis: Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, typically presents with painless ulcers (chancres) in primary infection. It does not cause the characteristic cauliflower-like genital warts seen in HPV infections.

B. Chlamydia: Chlamydia trachomatis infections are often asymptomatic or present with urethritis or cervicitis. They do not cause visible genital warts and are not associated with the papillomatous lesions described.

C. Group B streptococcus: Group B Streptococcus is primarily a concern for neonatal infections during childbirth. It does not cause sexually transmitted genital warts in adults.

D. Human papilloma virus: HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection that causes genital warts. The warts often have a cauliflower-like appearance, may be painless, and sometimes do not cause itching, making them easily unnoticed without inspection.

A. Place the infant in the knee-chest position: In a hypercyanotic (“Tet”) spell, placing the infant in a knee-chest position increases systemic vascular resistance, reduces right-to-left shunting, and improves pulmonary blood flow and oxygenation. Immediate positioning is a first-line emergency intervention.

B. Start an IV for fluids: Establishing IV access is important for administering medications and fluids, but it is secondary to immediate measures to relieve cyanosis and improve oxygenation during a Tet spell.

C. Prepare the infant for surgery: Surgical repair is definitive treatment for tetralogy of Fallot, but emergent stabilization takes priority before operative intervention can occur.

D. Raise the head of the bed: Elevating the head may aid comfort and respiratory mechanics in some conditions, but it does not address the acute pathophysiology of right-to-left shunting causing cyanosis during a Tet spell.