The nurse is assessing the vital signs of an older adult. Which finding(s) should the nurse anticipate as age-related physiological changes? Select all that apply.

A. A client with a history of diabetes whose axillary temperature is 97.6 F (36.4 C) has a temperature slightly below normal. While individuals with diabetes may have altered temperature responses to infection, this mild hypothermia is not immediately life-threatening. The nurse should monitor the client, but this finding does not indicate an acute emergency requiring immediate assessment.

B. A client with a urinary tract infection whose temperature is 100.4 F (38 C) has a mild fever, which is a common manifestation of infection. Although this is important to address and monitor for signs of sepsis, a low-grade fever alone does not indicate an immediate threat to airway, breathing, or circulation. Interventions such as hydration, monitoring, and antipyretics can be implemented after addressing higher-priority needs.

C. A client with pneumonia whose respiratory rate is 29 breaths per minute presents with tachypnea, as the normal adult respiratory rate is 12–20 breaths per minute. This elevated respiratory rate may indicate respiratory distress, hypoxemia, or progression of pneumonia. Rapid assessment is critical to evaluate oxygen saturation, lung sounds, work of breathing, and mental status. Early intervention may include oxygen therapy, positioning to optimize ventilation, and notifying the provider. Because respiratory compromise can quickly lead to respiratory failure, this client is the highest priority for immediate assessment.

D. A professional athlete whose resting heart rate is 48 beats per minute likely has physiologic bradycardia due to conditioning. If the client is asymptomatic, alert, and stable, this is not concerning. Athletes often have lower resting heart rates that are normal for their physiology, so no urgent action is needed unless symptoms such as dizziness, syncope, or hypotension are present.

A. White, cheesy, curd-like patches on the buccal mucosa are characteristic of oral candidiasis (thrush), a common fungal infection of the mouth caused by Candida albicans. These patches can often be wiped off, leaving a red, raw, or bleeding surface underneath. This is the classic presentation, making this the correct answer.

B. Small, painful round ulcers on the oral mucosa describe aphthous ulcers (canker sores), which are not fungal infections. They are usually idiopathic or associated with stress, trauma, or immune factors, so this option is incorrect.

C. Clear vesicles with a red base that evolve into pustules are more consistent with herpetic lesions caused by the herpes simplex virus. They are viral, not fungal, in origin, making this incorrect.

D. Chalky white, thick raised patches on the tongue may suggest leukoplakia, which is a precancerous lesion often linked to smoking or chronic irritation. Leukoplakia is not caused by fungal infection, so this option is incorrect.