The nurse is providing education to a group of adolescents about smoking prevention. Which approach should the nurse include to incorporate Piaget's cognitive development theory of formal operations?

Create a handout that lists the dangers of smoking.

Define terms and correct misinformation about smoking.

Discuss the undesirable consequences of smoking.

Classify health behaviors as healthy and unhealthy.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A rationale

A handout with a list of dangers is a passive method of information delivery. This approach is more suited to a lower cognitive stage, such as concrete operational thought, where learners rely on direct facts. Formal operational thought requires more abstract reasoning, which a simple list does not adequately engage.

Choice B rationale

Defining terms and correcting misinformation is a foundational step in education, but it does not fully utilize the abstract thinking abilities of adolescents. This approach provides concrete information and is more aligned with earlier stages of cognitive development. Formal operational learners can process more complex, hypothetical scenarios.

Choice C rationale

Adolescents in the formal operational stage can think abstractly and reason about hypothetical situations. Discussing undesirable consequences, such as the long-term health and social effects of smoking, requires them to use deductive and inductive reasoning to project into the future, which is a key characteristic of this cognitive stage.

Choice D rationale

Classifying behaviors as healthy or unhealthy is a straightforward, concrete activity that doesn't require the complex thought processes characteristic of the formal operational stage. This is a basic categorization task, which is more typical of a child in the concrete operational stage who is learning to organize information based on tangible properties.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). It works by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is crucial for the replication of retroviruses like HIV. It does not possess any antifungal properties. Fungal infections, such as candidiasis, are often treated with antifungal agents like fluconazole, not antiretroviral drugs.

Choice B rationale

Chorioamnionitis is an intrauterine infection of the chorion and amnion, typically caused by ascending bacteria. It is treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to address the bacterial etiology. Zidovudine is an antiviral medication specifically targeting the replication of HIV and is ineffective against bacterial infections.

Choice C rationale

Zidovudine works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, thereby preventing the viral RNA of HIV from being converted into DNA. This mechanism significantly reduces the viral load in the mother and the risk of transplacental transmission to the fetus. This strategy is a cornerstone of preventing perinatal HIV transmission.

Choice D rationale

While zidovudine is a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for managing HIV infection in adults, its primary purpose in the context of labor and delivery is to prevent vertical transmission to the newborn. The treatment regimen for the mother's own HIV complications is a separate, long-term protocol.

A. The infant plays "peek-a-boo.”. B. The infant turns its head to locate sound. C. The infant demonstrates a startle reflex. D. The infant has doubled its birth weight.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Playing "peek-a-boo" is a normal developmental milestone for a 6-month-old infant. This activity demonstrates object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This is an expected cognitive skill for this age.

Choice B rationale

Turning its head to locate sound is an appropriate developmental milestone for a 6-month-old infant. This response indicates intact hearing and developing auditory localization skills, which is the ability to determine the source of a sound. This is a normal and expected reflex.

Choice C rationale

The startle (Moro) reflex is a primitive reflex that should disappear by around 3 to 4 months of age. Its persistence beyond this time may indicate a neurological problem, such as a cerebral palsy or a central nervous system lesion. Therefore, a 6-month-old infant demonstrating this reflex requires further evaluation.

Choice D rationale

Doubling its birth weight by 5 to 6 months of age is a normal and expected physical growth milestone for an infant. This indicates adequate nutrition and healthy development. The average birth weight is approximately 7 to 8 pounds, and at 6 months, an infant should weigh about 14 to 16 pounds.

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The nurse is providing education to a group of adolescents about smoking prevention. Which approach should the nurse include to incorporate Piaget's cognitive development theory of formal operations?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A client who is HIV positive is receiving zidovudine during labor. Which information should the nurse provide to the client?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant. Which response requires further evaluation by the nurse?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

During a well child visit, the parents of a client who has an autosomal dominant disorder, inform the nurse that they do not plan on having any more children since the next child is likely to inherit the disorder. How should the nurse respond?

The healthcare provider prescribes oxytocin 10 units/L IV infusion to augment a client's labor because she is experiencing a prolonged active phase. Which finding would cause the nurse to immediately discontinue the oxytocin?

The nurse is caring for a school-age child with delays in physical, social, and intellectual development from a prolonged illness and hospitalizations. Which action should the nurse take to promote the child's sense of industry?

Which nutritional information should the nurse plan to provide the mother of a 6-month-old regarding introduction of solid foods?

A 4-year-old child returns home after day surgery for a tonsillectomy. When the nurse calls the parent that evening to check on the child, the parent tells the nurse that the child said, “I'm too sick to feed myself. Will you feed me?” Which response should the nurse provide to this parent?

A newborn with a respiratory rate of 40 breaths/minute at 1 minute after birth is demonstrating cyanosis of the hands and feet. Which action should the nurse take?

The nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 3-year-old child. Which speech and language skills should the nurse identify as normal developmental milestones for this child?