The three layers of the filtration membrane of the kidney include the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries, the
The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"A"}
A. Basement membrane: The glomerular basement membrane is the middle layer of the filtration barrier, composed of a collagenous and glycoprotein meshwork. It provides a physical sieve and a negative charge that restricts the passage of proteins. It is the structural core of the barrier.
B. Bowman’s capsule: While the visceral layer of this capsule contains the podocytes, the capsule itself is the surrounding reservoir for the filtrate. It is not considered one of the three histological layers of the actual filtration membrane. It collects the fluid once it has crossed.
C. Renal tubule: The tubules are involved in the modification of the filtrate after it has already passed through the filtration membrane. They are located downstream from the renal corpuscle. They do not contribute to the initial barrier that separates the blood from the filtrate.
D. Collecting duct: These ducts are the terminal segments of the nephron system located in the renal medulla. They are anatomically and functionally distant from the site of filtration in the cortex. They have no role in the glomerular filtration membrane's structure.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Aldosterone: This steroid hormone primarily stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium in the distal tubule. While water follows sodium osmotically, aldosterone does not directly regulate the water permeability of the collecting duct. Its primary target is the monovalent cation.
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Also known as vasopressin, this peptide binds to V2 receptors on principal cells to induce the apical insertion of aquaporin-2 channels. This directly increases the water permeability of the collecting ducts. It is the most potent regulator of free water recovery.
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): This hormone is secreted by the atria in response to high blood volume and functions as a diuretic. It inhibits sodium reabsorption and suppresses ADH release to increase urine output. It decreases water reabsorption to lower systemic blood pressure.
D. Cortisol: While glucocorticoids have some weak mineralocorticoid activity, their primary metabolic role is unrelated to the regulation of water channels in the kidney. Excessive cortisol can interfere with water balance, but it is not a physiological promoter of collecting duct water recovery.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
B. False: Any reduction in the total surface area available for filtration, such as through mesangial cell contraction or glomerular scarring, directly decreases GFR. Conversely, relaxation of mesangial cells increases surface area and GFR. It is a primary variable in renal hemodynamic regulation.
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