What is the terminal site in the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place
Trachea and larynx
Alveoli
Secondary bronchi
Primary bronchi
The Correct Answer is B
The human respiratory system is divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone based on functional capacity. The conducting zone filters and warms air, while the respiratory zone facilitates the diffusion of gases. The blood-air barrier is an extremely thin membranous structure optimized for the rapid movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Rationale:
A. The trachea and larynx are superior structures located within the conducting zone of the airway. Their primary roles involve air conduction, protection of the lower airway, and vocalization. Their thick walls and cartilaginous rings prevent the passive diffusion of gases across their epithelial surfaces.
B. Alveoli are the specialized, microscopic air sacs that constitute the terminal site of the respiratory tree. They are lined with Type 1 pneumocytes, providing a massive surface area for gas exchange. Capillary networks surround these structures to allow oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to exit.
C. Secondary bronchi are middle-tier branches of the bronchial tree that deliver air to specific lobes of the lungs. Although they possess smooth muscle and cartilage, they lack the specialized epithelium required for gas diffusion. They are part of the anatomical dead space where no exchange occurs.
D. Primary bronchi are the first major branches off the trachea leading into the right and left lungs. They serve as conduits for bulk air movement into the pulmonary parenchyma. Because they are thick-walled, they cannot facilitate the molecular transfer of oxygen into the pulmonary capillary blood flow.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Pharmacist-led counseling is a vital clinical service that ensures patients understand their medication regimens, leading to better medication adherence. By providing education on administration, side effects, and therapeutic goals, pharmacists act as a final safety check in the medication-use process. This intervention reduces errors and empowers patients to take an active role in their health management, bridging the gap between prescription and recovery.
Rationale:
A. Improved patient outcomes is a primary benefit demonstrated in clinical studies. Counseling ensures patients take medications correctly, which leads to better control of chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension. This reduces the risk of treatment failure and medication-related problems, directly contributing to the patient's overall health and physiological stability.
B. Increased hospital admissions are typically an adverse outcome that effective counseling aims to prevent. Counseling helps patients manage side effects and recognize early signs of toxicity, which prevents emergency visits. Successful pharmacist intervention is associated with a reduction in readmission rates, especially for complex transitions of care involving polypharmacy.
C. Lower prescription drug costs are generally determined by insurance formularies and pharmaceutical pricing rather than direct counseling. While a pharmacist might suggest a cheaper generic during a consultation, the act of counseling itself is focused on clinical education rather than financial transaction management. It is not a guaranteed benefit of the counseling session.
D. Decreased wait times are usually not a result of pharmacist-led counseling; in fact, thorough counseling may increase the time a patient spends at the pharmacy. Effective education requires dedicated time and dialogue, which can slow down the overall throughput of a busy retail environment. The benefit of counseling is qualitative, not an improvement in operational speed.
E. All of the above is incorrect because choices B, C, and D are not recognized or primary potential benefits of the counseling process. Only choice A represents a scientifically and clinically validated positive outcome of pharmacist interaction. The other options describe operational or economic factors that are not the focus of clinical patient education.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Step 1. Convert weight from pounds to kilograms.
187 lbs / 2.2 = 85 kg.
Step 2. Calculate the dose in mg.
85 kg x 6 mg/kg = 510 mg.
Step 3. Convert mg to grams.
510 mg / 1,000 = 0.51 g.
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