Which pathway describes blood flow from the heart to the radial side of the forearm?
Right subclavian artery → Right brachial artery → Ulnar artery → Digital arteries
Right subclavian artery → Ulnar artery → Deep palmar arch
Right subclavian artery → Axillary artery → Brachial artery → Deep palmar arch
Right subclavian artery → Right axillary artery → Right brachial artery → Radial and ulnar arteries → Superficial palm
Right subclavian artery → Right axillary artery→ Radial artery → Superficial palmar arch
The Correct Answer is D
A. Right subclavian artery → Right brachial artery → Ulnar artery → Digital arteries: This pathway skips the axillary artery, which is anatomically located between the subclavian and brachial arteries. It also omits the radial artery, which supplies the radial (lateral/thumb) side of the forearm, making the sequence incomplete.
B. Right subclavian artery → Ulnar artery → Deep palmar arch: The ulnar artery does not branch directly from the subclavian artery. The normal progression is subclavian → axillary → brachial → radial and ulnar arteries.
C. Right subclavian artery → Axillary artery → Brachial artery → Deep palmar arch: While this pathway includes the correct proximal sequence, it omits the radial artery. The deep palmar arch is primarily formed by the radial artery, so skipping makes the pathway anatomically inaccurate.
D. Right subclavian artery → Right axillary artery → Right brachial artery → Radial and ulnar arteries → Superficial palm: The subclavian becomes the axillary, then the brachial artery, which bifurcates into radial and ulnar arteries supplying the forearm and contributing to the palmar arches. The radial artery specifically supplies the radial side.
E. Right subclavian artery → Right axillary artery → Radial artery → Superficial palmar arch: This sequence incorrectly skips the brachial artery, which is the direct continuation of the axillary artery before bifurcating. The radial artery does not arise directly from the axillary artery.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Increased blood viscosity, resistance, and pressure: Excessive erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates overproduction of red blood cells (polycythemia), which increases hematocrit and blood viscosity. Higher viscosity raises vascular resistance, increases cardiac workload, and can elevate blood pressure, predisposing the individual to thrombosis and other cardiovascular complications.
B. Decreased blood viscosity and increased blood flow: Excessive EPO does the opposite; it increases red blood cell mass, thereby increasing viscosity rather than decreasing it. Reduced viscosity and enhanced blood flow are not consequences of elevated EPO levels.
C. Vasodilation and reduction in blood pressure: Elevated EPO does not directly cause vasodilation. In fact, the increased blood viscosity can promote higher vascular resistance, potentially increasing blood pressure rather than lowering it.
D. Increased sodium and water excretion: EPO primarily regulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. It has minimal direct effect on renal sodium and water excretion.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Ductus venosus:The fetal shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava is the ductus venosus. The ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood from the placenta, carried through the umbilical vein, to bypass the fetal liver and flow directly into the inferior vena cava. This shunt ensures that highly oxygenated blood reaches the right atrium efficiently and is preferentially directed toward the brain and heart. After birth, when placental circulation ceases, the ductus venosus closes and eventually becomes the ligamentum venosum.
Foramen Ovale: This is a hole in the interatrial septum. It allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the non-functional fetal lungs.
Ductus Arteriosus: This shunt connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. Its job is to protect the lungs from high blood pressure by diverting most of the right ventricle's output.
Umblical Artery: These are vessels, not shunts. They carry deoxygenated blood and waste products away from the fetus back to the placenta.
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