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Which physiological process increases blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention?

A.

Activation of chemoreceptors

B.

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

C.

Baroreceptor reflex

D.

Release of antidiuretic hormone

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Activation of chemoreceptors:
 Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood, affecting ventilation rather than fluid retention.

B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
 RAAS increases blood pressure by promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume, and by causing vasoconstriction, increasing systemic vascular resistance. This is a major mechanism in long-term blood pressure regulation.

C. Baroreceptor reflex:
 Baroreceptors detect acute changes in blood pressure and adjust heart rate and vascular tone but do not directly control sodium and water retention.

D. Release of antidiuretic hormone:
 ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, but its effect on sodium retention is indirect and less significant compared to RAAS.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. To pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation:
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left ventricle is responsible for systemic circulation.

B. To receive deoxygenated blood from the body:
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins.

C. To regulate heart rhythm:
Heart rhythm is controlled by the SA and AV nodes and the conduction system, not the ventricles themselves.

D. To pump oxygenated blood into systemic circulation:
The left ventricle has thick muscular walls that generate the high pressure needed to pump oxygen-rich blood through the aorta and systemic arteries to the entire body. Dysfunction leads to decreased perfusion and signs of left-sided heart failure.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Decreased preload increases cardiac output:
Decreased preload reduces ventricular filling, leading to lower stroke volume and reduced cardiac output.

B. Increased preload decreases cardiac output:
Increased preload generally increases stroke volume via the Frank-Starling mechanism, so it does not decrease cardiac output under normal physiological conditions.

C. Increased preload increases cardiac output:
According to the Frank-Starling law, greater ventricular filling (preload) stretches cardiac fibers, resulting in a stronger contraction and higher stroke volume, thus increasing cardiac output.

D. Preload has no effect on cardiac output:
Preload directly affects ventricular filling and stroke volume, which are critical determinants of cardiac output.

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