Which veins drain blood from the brain into the brachiocephalic vein?
External jugular veins
Vertebral veins
Subclavian veins
Internal jugular veins
Posterior cerebral veins
The Correct Answer is D
A. External jugular veins: The external jugular veins primarily drain superficial structures of the scalp and face. They empty into the subclavian veins rather than directly draining the intracranial venous sinuses responsible for brain blood outflow.
B. Vertebral veins: Vertebral veins drain portions of the cervical spinal cord and posterior neck structures. While they contribute to venous return from the head and neck, they are not the primary pathway for cerebral venous drainage into the brachiocephalic vein.
C. Subclavian veins: The subclavian veins receive blood from the upper extremities and join with the internal jugular veins to form the brachiocephalic veins. They do not directly drain blood from the brain itself.
D. Internal jugular veins: The internal jugular veins are the main venous outflow tract of the brain. They receive blood from the dural venous sinuses, including the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses, and unite with the subclavian veins to form the brachiocephalic veins.
E. Posterior cerebral veins: Posterior cerebral veins are intracranial vessels that drain specific regions of the brain into larger venous sinuses. They do not directly empty into the brachiocephalic vein but instead contribute to the dural venous sinus system before reaching the internal jugular vein.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B,A,D,C
Explanation
In a major hemorrhage, the sympathetic nervous system is rapidly activated in response to decreased circulating blood volume and falling arterial pressure. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect reduced stretch and trigger increased sympathetic outflow from the medulla. This results in the release of catecholamines, primarily norepinephrine and epinephrine, which cause tachycardia, increased myocardial contractility, and peripheral vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction shunts blood away from nonessential organs such as the skin and gastrointestinal tract toward vital organs like the brain and heart. Additionally, sympathetic stimulation promotes venoconstriction, which helps increase venous return and temporarily supports cardiac output. These compensatory mechanisms aim to maintain blood pressure and tissue perfusion until volume can be restored.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. They generally have thinner walls than veins: Arteries actually have thicker walls than veins to withstand higher pressure from the heart’s pumping action. Thin walls are a characteristic of veins, which transport blood under lower pressure.
B. They contain valves to prevent backflow: Valves are primarily found in veins, especially in the limbs, to prevent backflow of blood as it returns to the heart against gravity. Arteries generally do not require valves because the pressure from the heart ensures unidirectional flow.
C. They carry blood under high pressure: Arteries are uniquely structured to carry blood under high pressure generated by ventricular contraction. Their thick, elastic walls and smooth muscle allow them to absorb the pulsatile force and maintain blood flow throughout the systemic circulation.
D. They conduct blood toward the heart: This describes veins, not arteries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
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