Your patient develops pneumonia. During diagnostic imaging, a 5 cm mass is noted in his lower left lobe. After a bronchoscopy and biopsy, squamous cell carcinoma is diagnosed. What is an early sign of bronchogenic cancer?
hemoptysis
chronic cough
pain on inspiration
air trapping and over inflation of the lung
The Correct Answer is B
A. Hemoptysis: Hemoptysis can occur with bronchogenic cancer but is more commonly a later finding as the tumor erodes into blood vessels. It often indicates more advanced local disease. It is not typically one of the earliest manifestations.
B. Chronic cough: A persistent or worsening cough is one of the earliest and most common signs of bronchogenic cancer. Tumor irritation of the airway stimulates cough receptors before significant obstruction or invasion occurs. This symptom often precedes more severe respiratory findings.
C. Pain on inspiration: Pleuritic chest pain usually develops when the tumor involves the pleura or chest wall. This reflects more advanced disease rather than early cancer. Pain on inspiration is not a typical initial manifestation.
D. Air trapping and over inflation of the lung: Air trapping occurs when a tumor significantly obstructs airflow, creating a ball-valve effect. This represents a later structural consequence of tumor growth. It is not usually present in the early stages of bronchogenic cancer.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Elevated levels of cortisol: High cortisol levels are not characteristic of Addison’s disease; instead, cortisol is deficient. Elevated cortisol would promote sodium and water retention, which is the opposite of the fluid and electrolyte loss seen in Addison’s disease.
B. Decreased levels of ACTH: In primary Addison’s disease, ACTH levels are actually elevated as the pituitary attempts to stimulate the adrenal glands. Low ACTH would be more characteristic of secondary adrenal insufficiency.
C. Hypersecretion of ADH: Excess antidiuretic hormone promotes water retention, which does not occur in Addison’s disease. Clients with Addison’s typically lose sodium and water due to adrenal hormone deficiency rather than ADH excess.
D. Aldosterone deficiency: Aldosterone deficiency impairs the kidneys’ ability to reabsorb sodium and water, leading to hyponatremia, dehydration, and hypotension. This hormonal deficit is a hallmark of Addison’s disease and explains the body’s inability to conserve these electrolytes and fluids.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A strain refers to an injury involving a muscle or tendon, where the fibers are stretched or torn due to excessive force or overuse. It affects the structure that connects muscle to bone, not the ligament. Ligaments, which connect bone to bone and provide joint stability, are involved in a sprain when they are stretched or torn.
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