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Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

- The signs and symptoms of leukemia vary depending on the type, stage, and extent of involvement

- Some common signs and symptoms are:

  • Fever, chills, night sweats, or recurrent infections
  • Fatigue, weakness, pallor, or shortness of breath
  • Bleeding, bruising, petechiae, or purpura
  • Bone pain, joint pain, or tenderness
  • Lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, or splenomegaly
  • Headache, nausea, vomiting, or visual disturbances
  • Weight loss, anorexia, or malaise

Questions on Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not an autoimmune disorder. It is a cancerous condition involving abnormal white blood cell growth.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia usually presents with milder symptoms compared to acute leukemia. Hospitalization is not typically required unless complications arise.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. Leukemia can have various causes, including genetic mutations, exposure to certain environmental factors (e.g., radiation, certain chemicals), and viral infections. While some cases may have a genetic basis, others may be triggered by environmental factors or have an unknown cause.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not transmitted through blood transfusions. Blood transfusions involve screened and tested blood products, and leukemia cannot be passed on through this process.

Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

This choice is correct. Leukemia can cause the enlargement of lymph nodes, leading to painful and swollen lymph nodes.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. A bone marrow biopsy is a definitive diagnostic tool to confirm leukemia. In this procedure, a small sample of bone marrow is taken from the hipbone or breastbone and examined under a microscope to determine if leukemia cells are present. It allows for the identification of abnormal cells in the bone marrow, helping to establish the diagnosis and type of leukemia.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect because avoiding invasive procedures and injections is a precaution for clients with thrombocytopenia, not specifically neutropenia. While both conditions involve low blood cell counts, the risk of infection is the primary concern in neutropenia.Questions</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not an autoimmune disorder. It is a cancerous condition involving abnormal white blood cell growth.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because the classification of leukemia does not involve solid tumors. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because acute leukemia is not indolent or slow-growing. It progresses rapidly and can have a significant impact on blood cell counts and overall health.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia usually presents with milder symptoms compared to acute leukemia. Hospitalization is not typically required unless complications arise.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. The primary purpose of a bone marrow biopsy is to obtain a sample of bone marrow tissue for examination under a microscope. This allows healthcare professionals to assess the presence of abnormal cells, determine the type and extent of leukemia, and guide treatment decisions.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because watchful waiting and supportive care may be considered for certain low-risk or asymptomatic cases of CML, but it is not the primary treatment approach. Targeted therapy with TKIs is the standard treatment for most patients with CML.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because ALL treatment typically involves multiple rounds of chemotherapy, not just a single round. The goal is to achieve long-term remission and prevent relapse, which requires a more comprehensive treatment approach over an extended period.Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. A previous diagnosis of lymphoma is a significant risk factor for developing leukemia. Lymphoma and leukemia are both types of blood cancers, and individuals with a history of lymphoma have an increased risk of developing leukemia.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. The link between smoking and leukemia is still uncertain and not well-established. While smoking is a known risk factor for several types of cancer, its specific role in leukemia development requires further study.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. Previous treatment with chemotherapy and radiation is a significant risk factor for developing leukemia. Certain chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy can damage healthy blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, potentially leading to the development of leukemia later on. This type of leukemia is often referred to as secondary or treatment-related leukemia.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because a family history of diabetes is not a known risk factor for leukemia.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This statement is incorrect. While physical activity is beneficial for overall health and may reduce the risk of various cancers, there is no evidence to suggest that being physically active specifically reduces the risk of developing leukemia.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because benzene exposure can affect individuals of all ages, not just children. It is a risk factor for leukemia development in adults as well as children.Questions

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because an imbalance of red blood cells would not trigger the overproduction of white blood cells. Leukemia is specifically a disorder of white blood cell proliferation.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because the abnormal growth of plasma cells leading to the production of abnormal antibodies is characteristic of multiple myeloma, not AML.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because CLL does not involve a genetic mutation leading to uncontrolled growth of red blood cells. That description is more characteristic of polycythemia vera, a different type of blood disorder.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because ALL does not cause the bone marrow to become fibrous and unable to produce any blood cells. That description is more characteristic of myelofibrosis, a different bone marrow disorder.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This choice is correct. The pathophysiology of leukemia involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. These cells undergo genetic mutations, leading to the development of leukemia and the production of abnormal blood cells.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because while cancerous cells may infiltrate healthy tissues in other types of cancer, leukemia primarily affects the bone marrow and blood, not other organs or tissues.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because while cancerous cells may infiltrate other organs and tissues in other types of cancer, leukemia primarily affects the bone marrow and blood, not the lymphatic system.Questions

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

This choice is incorrect because persistent headaches are not specific to leukemia and may indicate other underlying health issues.

This choice is incorrect because while CML may present with enlarged spleen and liver, it is less likely to cause significant lymphadenopathy compared to CLL.

This choice is incorrect because a deficiency of white blood cells would not directly cause easy bruising and petechiae. It might lead to an increased risk of infections.

This choice is correct. Bone pain and tenderness in leukemia are often caused by the accumulation of leukemic cells in the bones. These abnormal cells infiltrate the bone marrow and bone tissue, leading to pain and tenderness.

This choice is incorrect because lymphocytes, specifically B-lymphocytes, are affected in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While CLL can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, neutrophil dysfunction is more commonly associated with recurrent infections in leukemia.

This choice is incorrect because elevated levels of red blood cells would not directly cause ecchymoses on the skin. It may lead to other symptoms like increased blood viscosity.

This choice is correct. Enlarged gums (gingival hypertrophy) and bleeding from the gums are characteristic oral symptoms of acute leukemia. Leukemic cells can infiltrate the gums and oral tissues, leading to inflammation, bleeding, and gum enlargement.Questions

This choice is incorrect because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not commonly used to assess bone marrow in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

This choice is incorrect because determining the client's platelet count is not the primary purpose of a lumbar puncture. Platelet counts are typically obtained through a blood test.

This choice is incorrect because the laboratory report indicating elevated levels of blast cells in the peripheral blood supports the suspicion of leukemia, not the blast cells' presence in the bone marrow.

This choice is incorrect because monitoring cardiac function is not the primary goal of a CT scan in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

This choice is incorrect because evaluating the client's kidney function is not the primary purpose of flow cytometry analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

This choice is incorrect because measuring the client's bone density is not the primary reason for performing a bone marrow biopsy.

This choice is incorrect because evaluating the client's liver function is not the primary goal of a cytogenetic analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.Questions

This choice is incorrect because pain relief and symptom management are not the primary goals of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment.

This choice is incorrect because stem cells used in transplantation are not harvested from the client's peripheral blood.

This choice is incorrect because excessive bleeding and hemorrhage are not common side effects of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment.

This choice is incorrect because targeted therapy and chemotherapy are used in various stages of leukemia treatment, depending on the type and stage of the disease.

This choice is incorrect because immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy used to enhance the body's immune response against cancer cells, but they are not a specific treatment for anemia.

This choice is incorrect because enhancing the body's immune response against leukemia is the goal of immunotherapy, not radiation therapy.

This choice is incorrect because inhibiting the growth of cancerous tumors is not the primary purpose of immunotherapy. Other treatment approaches, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy, may be used for this purpose.Questions

This choice is incorrect because occasional headaches and dizziness are not immediate concerns in leukemia and may have other causes.

This choice is incorrect because limiting the number of healthcare providers entering the client's room may be beneficial to reduce the risk of exposure to potential infections, but placing the client in a private room with negative pressure is a more comprehensive measure.

This choice is incorrect because although emotional support from friends and family is essential, it is crucial to limit the number of visitors to reduce the risk of exposure to potential infections.

This choice is correct. Neutropenia, which is a decrease in the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), is a potential side effect of radiation therapy. This can increase the client's risk of infection, and regular monitoring of blood counts is necessary during treatment.

This choice is incorrect because spicy foods can aggravate mucositis and should be avoided to prevent further irritation of the mucosal lining.

This choice is correct. Vigorous nose blowing can lead to trauma to the nasal mucosa and increase the risk of bleeding, especially in clients with low platelet counts who are prone to bleeding episodes.

This choice is correct. Crackles and decreased breath sounds on auscultation may indicate fluid overload or pulmonary edema, which could be a severe complication of IV chemotherapy. The healthcare provider should be notified immediately to assess the client's respiratory status and provide appropria

<p>This choice is incorrect because while environmental toxins and pollution may be risk factors for some individuals, they are not the leading factors in all cases of leukemia.</p>
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