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Understanding Chronic Illnesses

- Chronic illnesses are influenced by multiple factors, such as genetics, environment, lifestyle, behavior, culture, socioeconomic status, etc.

- Chronic illnesses have different trajectories and stages, such as stable, acute exacerbation, progressive deterioration, terminal phase, etc.

- Chronic illnesses have various effects on patients' physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being

- Patients with chronic illnesses experience different responses and coping mechanisms, such as denial, anger, depression, acceptance, adaptation, etc.

Chronic Pain Model

- Patients with chronic illnesses have diverse needs and preferences for information, education, support, and decision making

Questions on Understanding Chronic Illnesses

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

<p>This is an incorrect intervention, as forceful coughing can increase airway resistance, cause bronchospasm, and increase dyspnea in clients with COPD. A more effective coughing technique is to use huff coughing, which involves exhaling forcefully through an open mouth while making a &quot;huff&quot; sound.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

<p>Disequilibrium syndrome is a neurological complication of hemodialysis that occurs when the rate of solute removal from the blood exceeds the rate of solute removal from the brain, creating an osmotic gradient that causes fluid to shift into the brain cells, resulting in cerebral edema. Symptoms of disequilibrium syndrome include headache, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, confusion, and seizures. It usually occurs during or shortly after the first few dialysis sessions or when there is a large decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.</p>

<p>This is an incorrect option, as metformin does not cause hepatotoxicity. However, hepatotoxicity may occur as a complication of diabetes mellitus or as an adverse effect of other antidiabetic agents, such as thiazolidinediones or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.</p>

<p>This is an incorrect option, as hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug that is used to treat mild to moderate RA. Hydroxychloroquine does not affect bleeding time or platelet function. However, hydroxychloroquine can cause ocular toxicity, so it should be monitored regularly by an ophthalmolo
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