holding the newborn upright with feet touching a flat surface would elicit the stepping reflex, which is a primitive walking movement that disappears by 4 to 8 weeks of age.

stroking the outer edge of the sole of the newborn’s foot up toward the toes would elicit the Babinski reflex, which is a fanning and hyperextension of the toes that disappears by 12 months of age.

Turning the newborn’s head to one side while in a supine position would elicit the tonic neck reflex.This reflex is also known as the fencing reflex because the newborn assumes a posture similar to that of a fencer, with one arm and leg extended on the side to which the head is turned and the opposite arm and leg flexed.This reflex is present at birth and disappears by 3 to 4 months of age.

clapping hands or making a loud noise near the newborn would elicit the Moro reflex, which is a startle response that involves symmetric abduction and extension of the arms followed by flexion and adduction of the arms across the chest.This reflex is present at birth and disappears by 4 to 6 months of age.