Alternate forms of a gene for the same trait are called:

To find the complementary mRNA strand, we need to substitute the DNA nucleotides with their complementary RNA nucleotides. In RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C), and thymine (T) pairs with adenine (A). Therefore, the complementary mRNA strand to the given DNA sequence "CAGGCTAAG" would be "GACCGUAAC".

Gametes, the reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) of diploid organisms, contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. In a diploid organism with a chromosome number of 46, the gametes would contain 23 chromosomes. This reduction in chromosome number is achieved through the process of meiosis, which produces haploid gametes from diploid precursor cells. During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved through two rounds of cell division, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells, each with half the original chromosome number.

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through aerobic respiration. The Krebs cycle is a key metabolic pathway occurring in the matrix of mitochondria, where acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are further oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide. These energy-rich molecules serve as substrates for the electron transport chain, leading to the production of additional ATP molecules.

The process described, where many solute particles must use a channel protein to move from a high concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outside the cell, is called "Facilitated diffusion." This process involves the passive movement of molecules across a biological membrane with the assistance of transport proteins. Channel proteins are one type of transport protein that facilitates the diffusion of specific molecules, such as ions or polar molecules, across the membrane by providing a channel through which these molecules can pass. Facilitated diffusion does not require energy input from the cell and occurs down the concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.