What action does an enzyme perform that increases the rate of a biological reaction?

When a homozygous recessive individual (genotype: aa) is crossed with a homozygous dominant individual (genotype: AA) for a single trait, all offspring (F1 generation) will be heterozygous (genotype: Aa). In this case, all offspring will carry one dominant allele (A) and one recessive allele (a). The dominant allele will be expressed phenotypically in the presence of a single copy, resulting in a dominant phenotype. Since all offspring are heterozygous, 50% of the offspring will inherit the dominant phenotype, while the remaining 50% will inherit the recessive phenotype. This 1:1 phenotypic ratio is a characteristic of a monohybrid cross involving complete dominance.

Cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells convert biochemical energy stored in nutrients such as glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of cells. Cellular respiration occurs primarily in the mitochondria, which are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell due to their role in ATP production through aerobic respiration. The process of cellular respiration involves several interconnected metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation). In glycolysis, glucose is partially oxidized to produce pyruvate and a small amount of ATP in the cytoplasm. Pyruvate is then transported into the mitochondria, where it enters the citric acid cycle, generating more ATP and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2). The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, cellular respiration is essential for providing energy for cellular processes such as biosynthesis, muscle contraction, active transport, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis.

A qualitative measurement describes the characteristics or properties of an object or phenomenon without assigning a numerical value or measuring quantity. It focuses on qualitative attributes such as color, shape, texture, size, or appearance rather than quantitative values. In the given options, the statement "George is tall" describes a qualitative attribute (tallness) of an individual (George) without specifying a precise height or measurement. Qualitative measurements are subjective and often based on observational or descriptive criteria rather than precise numerical values. They are commonly used in fields such as biology, sociology, psychology, and anthropology to describe and classify qualitative characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena. In contrast, quantitative measurements involve the determination of numerical values or quantities using standardized units of measurement and precise instrumentation. Examples of quantitative measurements include temperature (°C), length (meters), speed (m/s), volume (liters), mass (grams), and time (seconds).

In a Punnett square, a capital letter represents a dominant allele, while a lowercase letter represents a recessive allele. Dominant alleles are expressed phenotypically when present in one or both copies (heterozygous or homozygous dominant genotype), masking the expression of recessive alleles. Recessive alleles are only expressed phenotypically when present in a homozygous recessive genotype. The use of uppercase and lowercase letters in Punnett squares allows for the prediction of genotypic and phenotypic ratios in offspring resulting from a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes. This method helps geneticists understand patterns of inheritance and predict the likelihood of specific traits appearing in offspring.