Which macromolecule provides immediate energy in metabolism?

Based on the given information, the F1 generation of pine trees has a genotypic ratio of 100% Bt, indicating that all trees in this generation carry one dominant allele for broad needles (B) and one recessive allele for thin needles (t). However, when observing the trees, only broad needles are seen, suggesting that the broad needle trait is expressed phenotypically. In genetics, if a trait is consistently expressed in the presence of another contrasting trait, it indicates dominance. Therefore, the broad needle trait (B) is dominant to the thin needle trait (t), and individuals with at least one dominant allele (BB or Bt) will exhibit the broad needle phenotype. This conclusion is supported by the observed phenotypic ratio and the absence of the thin needle phenotype in the F1 generation.

When a homozygous recessive individual (genotype: aa) is crossed with a homozygous dominant individual (genotype: AA) for a single trait, all offspring (F1 generation) will be heterozygous (genotype: Aa). In this case, all offspring will carry one dominant allele (A) and one recessive allele (a). The dominant allele will be expressed phenotypically in the presence of a single copy, resulting in a dominant phenotype. Since all offspring are heterozygous, 50% of the offspring will inherit the dominant phenotype, while the remaining 50% will inherit the recessive phenotype. This 1:1 phenotypic ratio is a characteristic of a monohybrid cross involving complete dominance.

A qualitative measurement describes the characteristics or properties of an object or phenomenon without assigning a numerical value or measuring quantity. It focuses on qualitative attributes such as color, shape, texture, size, or appearance rather than quantitative values. In the given options, the statement "George is tall" describes a qualitative attribute (tallness) of an individual (George) without specifying a precise height or measurement. Qualitative measurements are subjective and often based on observational or descriptive criteria rather than precise numerical values. They are commonly used in fields such as biology, sociology, psychology, and anthropology to describe and classify qualitative characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena. In contrast, quantitative measurements involve the determination of numerical values or quantities using standardized units of measurement and precise instrumentation. Examples of quantitative measurements include temperature (°C), length (meters), speed (m/s), volume (liters), mass (grams), and time (seconds).

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, driven by the osmotic pressure gradient. In osmosis, water molecules move freely through the membrane, while solute particles (e.g., ions, sugars) are restricted by the membrane's selective permeability. The direction and rate of osmosis are determined by the relative concentrations of solute molecules on either side of the membrane. Water molecules diffuse across the membrane from the side with lower solute concentration (hypotonic solution) to the side with higher solute concentration (hypertonic solution) until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis plays a critical role in maintaining osmotic balance and regulating water movement in biological systems. It is essential for cell volume regulation, osmoregulation in multicellular organisms, and the absorption of water and nutrients in plants and animals. Osmosis also influences processes such as urine concentration in the kidneys, root water uptake in plants, and the preservation of food through dehydration.