A 68-year-old male patient, who underwent bilateral total hip arthroplasty two years ago, has been brought to the emergency department (ED) by ambulance.
He reports that he slipped while putting away groceries at home.
He fell face-forward, hitting his head on the wall and his left shoulder on the floor.
He is experiencing pain mainly in his shoulder, but also in his right knee.
Additionally, he feels nauseated and tired.
Based on this information, which of the following are potential diagnoses?

Choice A rationale

An increased pulse rate can be a sign of pain in infants. The heart rate increases as the body’s way of coping with the stress of pain.

Choice B rationale

Skin showing peripheral pallor is not typically associated with pain. It can be a sign of other conditions, such as anemia or shock, but it’s not a reliable indicator of pain.

Choice C rationale

Clenched fists can be a sign of pain in infants. It’s a common non-verbal cue that infants use to express discomfort.

Choice D rationale

An increased respiratory rate can also be a sign of pain. Like an increased heart rate, it’s a physiological response to stress.

Choice E rationale

Restlessness can be a sign of discomfort or pain in infants. Infants may squirm, fidget, or have trouble settling down when they’re in pain.

Choice F rationale

An elevated temperature is not typically a direct sign of pain, but it can indicate an underlying condition that might be causing pain, such as an infection.

Choice A rationale

Walking at least once an hour at work can be beneficial for overall health and can contribute to maintaining energy balance. However, it may not be the most effective action for maintaining energy balance for a person who already exercises 2 to 3 times per week.

Choice B rationale

Increasing exercise intensity can help burn more calories and can contribute to maintaining energy balance. However, it’s important to note that exercise alone may not be sufficient for maintaining energy balance if not combined with a balanced diet.

Choice C rationale

Avoiding foods with high carbohydrate levels is not necessarily an effective action for maintaining energy balance. Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for the body. While it’s important to choose complex carbohydrates over simple ones, avoiding carbohydrates altogether is not recommended.

Choice D rationale

Selecting foods that are lower in caloric density is an effective action for maintaining energy balance. Foods that are lower in caloric density, such as fruits and vegetables, can provide essential nutrients without contributing excessive calories. This can help maintain energy balance and prevent weight gain.