A client is undergoing Chorionic Villus Sampling. Which risks should the nurse include? Select all that apply

The Apgar score is a rapid assessment tool used to evaluate the newborn's extrauterine transition and physical condition immediately after birth. It measures five parameters: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Scores are used to determine the need for resuscitative efforts in the delivery room.

A. Immediately only: A single score at birth does not reflect the infant's response to initial stabilization or spontaneous recovery. The transition process is dynamic and requires sequential monitoring to identify trends in neonatal vigor. A one-minute-only assessment is clinically insufficient.

B. At 10 minutes only: Waiting 10 minutes to perform the first assessment would delay critical life-saving interventions for an infant in respiratory or cardiac arrest. The initial minutes are the most vulnerable period for a newborn. Clinical assessment must begin within sixty seconds of birth.

C. After feeding: Apgar scoring is an emergency assessment of vital functions and is completely unrelated to the infant’s nutritional intake. Feeding occurs much later after the infant has been deemed stable. The score is a measure of physiological survival, not digestive capability.

D. At 1 and 5 minutes: The one-minute score assesses how the infant tolerated the birthing process, while the five-minute score evaluates their success in adapting to the environment. If the five-minute score is less than 7, assessments continue every five minutes for up to 20 minutes. This is the standard clinical timing.

Hepatitis B is a highly infectious DNA virus that causes hepatic inflammation and potential chronic cirrhosis. It replicates within hepatocytes and is shed in high concentrations into the circulatory system and serous secretions. Transmission occurs through percutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected biological materials.

A. Only sexual contact: While sexual intercourse is a major route of transmission, the virus is also spread through parenteral exposure, such as needle sharing or accidental sticks. It can also be transmitted perinatally from mother to child during birth. This choice is too restrictive to be correct.

B. Foodborne: Hepatitis B is not transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, which is the primary route for Hepatitis A. The virus does not survive the digestive process to cause systemic infection via the enteral route. It requires direct entry into the bloodstream or mucosa.

C. Airborne: There is no evidence that the virus is transmitted via respiratory droplets or aerosolized particles. Close casual contact, such as coughing or sneezing, does not pose a transmission risk for Hepatitis B. It is not an atmospheric or respiratory pathogen.

D. Blood and body fluids: The virus is primarily found in blood, semen, and vaginal secretions, making these the principal infectious vehicles. Contact with infected blood through broken skin or mucous membranes facilitates viral entry. This encompasses the broad spectrum of documented transmission modes.