A client with chronic kidney disease develops hypocalcemia.
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with this condition?

Following major orthopedic surgery, a client presenting with sudden shortness of breath and tachycardia is highly suspicious for a pulmonary embolism. Knowledge of venous thromboembolism complications, diagnostic imaging protocols, and immediate stabilization techniques is necessary to prevent cardiovascular collapse and ensure respiratory support.

Choice A rationale: Computed tomography pulmonary angiography is the gold standard for diagnosing a pulmonary embolism. It allows for direct visualization of the pulmonary vasculature to identify arterial obstructions, which is essential for confirming the suspected condition in a post-operative patient.

Choice B rationale: A flat supine position can worsen respiratory distress by increasing the work of breathing and reducing lung expansion. Clients experiencing shortness of breath should be placed in a high-Fowler position to optimize ventilation and improve oxygenation.

Choice C rationale: Laboratory testing, including a complete blood count and coagulation studies, provides a baseline for the client's hematological status. These values are critical for planning the safe administration of therapeutic anticoagulation and monitoring for potential bleeding risks.

Choice D rationale: Obtaining venous access is a priority intervention to allow for the rapid administration of emergency medications or intravenous fluids. In the event of hemodynamic instability or the need for IV anticoagulants, established access is life-saving.

Choice E rationale: Continuous cardiac monitoring is necessary to track the client's heart rate and rhythm. Pulmonary embolism can cause right heart strain and dysrhythmias; monitoring allows the nurse to detect early signs of cardiac decompensation or worsening tachycardia.

Choice F rationale: Continuous oxygen saturation monitoring provides real-time data on the client’s respiratory status. Since pulmonary embolism impairs gas exchange, tracking saturation levels is vital to ensure that oxygen therapy is maintaining adequate systemic tissue perfusion.

Choice G rationale: Nurses cannot independently increase medication dosages, as this constitutes prescribing. Any changes to anticoagulant therapy, such as apixaban, must be ordered by a provider based on weight-based protocols and the severity of the thrombotic event.

Choice H rationale: Supplemental oxygen should be applied immediately to address the client's shortness of breath and potential hypoxemia. Increasing the concentration of inspired oxygen helps compensate for the ventilation-perfusion mismatch caused by the obstruction in the pulmonary arteries.

Step 1 is 2 L × 1,000 mL = 2,000 mL.

Step 2 is 2,000 mL ÷ 12 hours = 166.666 mL/hr.

Step 3 is round 166.666 to 167 mL/hr. Final calculated answer is 167.