A nurse is administering a subcutaneous injection to a client. Which action should the nurse take to prevent tissue irritation and the formation of painful lumps?

Rationale:
A. Pregnancy is a common cause of constipation due to both hormonal and mechanical factors. Increased levels of progesterone during pregnancy relax smooth muscles, including those of the gastrointestinal tract, which slows intestinal motility. Additionally, the enlarging uterus exerts pressure on the intestines, reducing the space for normal bowel movement and contributing to slower transit of stool. These combined effects make constipation a frequent concern for pregnant clients.

B. Foodborne pathogens are not a typical cause of constipation. Infections from contaminated food usually result in diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and other gastrointestinal disturbances rather than slowed bowel movements. Therefore, this option does not contribute to constipation.

C. Stress can negatively affect bowel habits. Stress triggers the release of hormones such as cortisol and catecholamines, which can disrupt normal gut motility. In some individuals, stress slows peristalsis, leading to delayed passage of stool and constipation. Psychological factors and emotional tension can thus play a significant role in chronic or intermittent constipation.

D. Active lifestyle generally protects against constipation. Regular physical activity stimulates intestinal contractions and promotes normal bowel motility. Sedentary behavior, rather than activity, is associated with increased risk of constipation, so an active lifestyle is actually preventive.

E. Low fiber diet is a well-recognized contributor to constipation. Dietary fiber adds bulk and water to stool, helping it move smoothly through the intestines. Diets low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes reduce stool bulk and slow bowel transit time, making stools harder and more difficult to pass.

F. Low fluid intake exacerbates constipation because adequate hydration keeps stool soft and easier to pass. Dehydration or insufficient fluid consumption leads to drier, firmer stools that can cause straining and incomplete evacuation. Adequate water intake is therefore essential for maintaining regular bowel function.

Rationale:
A. Peripheral neuropathy is a chronic condition often related to diabetes or nerve damage. While it may be associated with hypoxia in some cases, it is not an acute or immediate indicator of oxygen deprivation.

B. Pursed-lip breathing is a compensatory mechanism used by clients with respiratory distress or chronic lung disease to improve ventilation. It indicates the body is attempting to manage hypoxia but is not an emergency sign on its own.

C. Delayed capillary refill suggests poor peripheral perfusion, which can be concerning, but it reflects a localized or early sign of compromised circulation rather than severe hypoxia.

D. Central cyanosis is the most concerning finding. It indicates that oxygen saturation in the arterial blood is critically low, affecting vital organs. The presence of blue discoloration in the lips, tongue, or mucous membranes reflects significant hypoxemia and requires immediate assessment and intervention, such as oxygen therapy and evaluation of the underlying cause.