A nurse is assessing a client who has peripheral venous disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as a manifestation of peripheral venous disease?

Diminished hair growth on the lower extremities

Loss of pigmentation over the shin area

Shiny appearance to the lower extremities

Swollen and enlarged veins

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Diminished hair growth on the lower extremities: Diminished hair growth on the lower extremities is not typically a manifestation of peripheral venous disease. Instead, it may suggest poor circulation or arterial insufficiency.

B. Loss of pigmentation over the shin area: Loss of pigmentation over the shin area can occur in conditions such as chronic venous insufficiency, which is a form of peripheral venous disease. However, it is not the most characteristic manifestation.

C. Shiny appearance to the lower extremities: A shiny appearance to the lower extremities is often associated with arterial insufficiency rather than peripheral venous disease. It can indicate thinning of the skin due to poor circulation and oxygenation.

D. Swollen and enlarged veins: Swollen and enlarged veins, also known as varicose veins, are classic manifestations of peripheral venous disease. These veins result from venous insufficiency, which leads to blood pooling and increased pressure in the veins, causing them to dilate and become visibly enlarged.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Basketball, office jobs, and listening to loud music: These activities are not typically associated with an increased risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). While some recreational and occupational activities may involve physical or environmental risks, they are not commonly linked to the repetitive head trauma seen in CTE.

B. Swimming, working as a nurse, and painting: These activities are not commonly associated with an increased risk of CTE. Swimming is generally a low-risk activity for head injuries, while working as a nurse and painting are not typically associated with repetitive head trauma.

C. Football, military service, and physical abuse: This is the correct answer. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is strongly associated with repetitive head trauma, particularly in contact sports like football, as well as in military service where blast injuries and combat-related head trauma are common. Physical abuse, especially in contact sports, can also increase the risk of CTE due to repetitive blows to the head.

D. Golfing, working in construction, and horse roping: While some occupational and recreational activities may involve a risk of head injury, they are not commonly associated with the repetitive head trauma seen in CTE. Golfing, construction work, and horse roping typically do not involve the level of repetitive head impacts seen in activities like football or military service.

A. Computed tomography (CT) scan B. Chest x-ray C. Echocardiogram D. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Computed tomography (CT) scan: A CT scan may provide detailed images of the heart and surrounding structures, but it is not typically the initial diagnostic test used to assess for cardiac tamponade. CT scans are often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests but are not the first-line investigation for suspected tamponade.

B) Chest x-ray: While a chest x-ray may show signs of cardiac tamponade, such as an enlarged cardiac silhouette or evidence of fluid accumulation around the heart, it is not as sensitive or specific as other diagnostic tests, particularly in the acute setting. Chest x-rays may be obtained as part of the diagnostic workup, but they are not the first-line test for suspected tamponade.

C) Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test for suspected cardiac tamponade. It provides real-time imaging of the heart and can detect pericardial effusion, collapse of the right atrium and ventricle during diastole (diastolic collapse), and signs of hemodynamic compromise. Echocardiography allows for rapid assessment at the bedside and can guide immediate management decisions.

D) Electrocardiogram (ECG): While an electrocardiogram may show nonspecific changes in cardiac tamponade, such as low-voltage QRS complexes or electrical alternans, it is not as sensitive or specific as an echocardiogram for diagnosing tamponade. ECG findings may support the diagnosis but are not typically the first-line test for suspected tamponade.

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A nurse is assessing a client who has peripheral venous disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as a manifestation of peripheral venous disease?

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