A nurse is caring for a school-age child who has a new plaster cast to stabilize a fracture of the radius. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to prevent the development of compartment syndrome in the affected extremity?

The sudden onset of fever, chills, flank pain, chest tightness, hypotension, and tachycardia shortly after transfusion initiation strongly suggests an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. This reaction occurs when the recipient’s immune system attacks transfused RBCs, leading to rapid intravascular hemolysis. Early recognition and immediate intervention are critical to prevent renal failure, shock, and death.

Rationale for correct choices:

• Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction: The client’s symptoms, including flank pain, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, and chest tightness occurring within minutes of transfusion, are classic signs of an acute hemolytic reaction. This occurs due to ABO incompatibility or immune-mediated destruction of transfused red blood cells. Hemolysis releases hemoglobin into circulation, which can lead to acute kidney injury and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

• Stop the transfusion and keep IV line open with normal saline: Stopping the transfusion immediately is the most critical intervention to prevent further hemolysis and systemic complications. Maintaining IV access with normal saline allows for administration of emergency medications and supports circulation. This helps preserve renal perfusion and reduces the risk of acute kidney injury from hemoglobin deposition.

• Notify the healthcare provider immediately: Prompt notification is essential because acute hemolytic reactions require urgent medical management, including laboratory testing, supportive care, and possible ICU transfer. The provider must be informed so that additional orders such as IV fluids, diuretics, or vasopressors can be initiated. Early escalation of care improves outcomes and reduces the risk of irreversible organ damage.

• Urine output and urine color: Monitoring urine output and color is essential because hemoglobin released from lysed RBCs can cause hemoglobinuria, leading to dark or cola-colored urine. Reduced urine output may indicate acute kidney injury from tubular obstruction and hemolysis. Early detection of renal compromise allows for timely interventions such as aggressive hydration. This parameter reflects the severity of intravascular hemolysis.

• Temperature changes: Fever is a hallmark of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to immune activation and cytokine release during RBC destruction. Monitoring temperature trends helps evaluate progression or resolution of the reaction. A rising temperature may indicate worsening hemolysis or associated complications. Continuous monitoring is essential to assess response to interventions and detect deterioration early.

Rationale for incorrect choices:

• Circulatory overload transfusion reaction: Circulatory overload presents with hypertension, jugular venous distension, crackles, and pulmonary edema rather than flank pain or hemolysis-related symptoms. This client is hypotensive and febrile, which does not align with fluid overload. The rapid onset of fever and flank pain strongly indicates hemolytic rather than volume-related complications.

• Allergic transfusion reaction: An allergic reaction usually presents with urticaria, pruritus, and possibly mild wheezing, not hypotension, flank pain, or hemoglobinuria. It is typically mediated by hypersensitivity to plasma proteins rather than RBC destruction. The severity and systemic nature of this client’s symptoms indicate a hemolytic process. Allergic reactions are generally less severe and lack organ-related symptoms.

• Septic transfusion reaction: Although fever can occur in septic transfusion reactions, this presents with severe chills, hypotension, and shock but is associated with contaminated blood products and may include rigors and sepsis progression over time. Although some symptoms overlap, flank pain and signs of hemolysis are more specific to acute hemolytic reaction.

• Plan to administer epinephrine: Epinephrine is indicated for severe anaphylactic reactions involving airway compromise, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse due to IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. This client’s presentation is more consistent with an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction rather than anaphylaxis. There are no signs of urticaria, wheezing, or airway obstruction that would justify epinephrine use.

• Insert an indwelling urinary catheter with urometer: Although urine output monitoring is important in suspected hemolysis, inserting a catheter is not an immediate first-line emergency intervention. The priority is to stop the transfusion, maintain IV access, and notify the provider before performing invasive procedures. Catheter insertion may be appropriate after stabilization if strict urine output measurement is needed.

• Administer antihistamine (diphenhydramine) IV: This is appropriate for mild allergic transfusion reactions characterized by itching, rash, or urticaria. In this case, the client has systemic signs such as hypotension, flank pain, fever, and chest tightness, which are indicative of hemolysis rather than a histamine-mediated allergic response. Antihistamines would not prevent or treat intravascular RBC destruction or its complications.

• Blood calcium levels: Calcium levels are not a priority indicator in acute transfusion reactions and are not directly affected in hemolytic reactions. The primary concerns are renal function and evidence of hemoglobin breakdown rather than electrolyte imbalance. Monitoring calcium would not provide useful information in assessing transfusion-related hemolysis.

• Presence of jugular vein distension: Jugular vein distension is associated with fluid overload or heart failure, not hemolytic transfusion reactions. The client is hypotensive and showing signs of shock rather than volume excess. This finding is inconsistent with the current clinical picture.

• Oxygen saturation: Although oxygen saturation can be monitored in any critically ill client, it is not the most specific indicator of hemolytic transfusion reaction progression. The key complications involve hemolysis and renal injury rather than primary respiratory failure. More direct indicators include urine changes and temperature trends.

Impetigo contagiosa is a highly contagious superficial bacterial skin infection commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. It is characterized by honey-colored crusted lesions and spreads easily through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated objects. In the hospital setting, preventing transmission is a priority to protect other patients and healthcare workers. Infection control measures are essential alongside antibiotic therapy to limit spread.

Rationale:
A. Initiating contact isolation precautions is correct because impetigo is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact and contaminated surfaces. Contact precautions include gloves, gown use, and proper hand hygiene to prevent transmission. This is essential in a hospital setting to control nosocomial spread of the infection.

B. Amphotericin B IV is an antifungal medication used for severe systemic fungal infections, not bacterial skin infections like impetigo. Since impetigo is caused by bacteria, antifungal therapy is ineffective and inappropriate. Antibiotics, either topical or systemic, are the correct treatment approach.

C. Reporting the disease to the state health department is not required for impetigo contagiosa because it is a common, non-reportable skin infection. It requires infection control measures within the hospital, but it does not meet criteria for mandatory public health reporting.

D. Applying lidocaine ointment topically is not appropriate because impetigo does not typically cause pain requiring local anesthetic treatment. The condition is managed with antibacterial therapy rather than symptomatic anesthetic relief. Additionally, topical anesthetics may irritate broken skin and are not indicated.