A nurse is reviewing the laboratory findings of a client who has heart failure. Which of the following findings indicates that the client is experiencing fluid volume excess?

Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL

Hgb 15 g/dL

BUN 18 mg/dL

Sodium 149 mEq/L

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL is within the normal range (0.6-1.2), and it does not indicate fluid volume excess. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism that is filtered by the kidneys. High creatinine levels can indicate kidney damage or impaired renal function.

Choice B reason: Hgb 15 g/dL is within the normal range (13-17 for men, 12-16 for women), and it does not indicate fluid volume excess. Hgb stands for hemoglobin, which is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues. Low hemoglobin levels can indicate anemia, bleeding, or hemolysis.

Choice C reason: BUN 18 mg/dL is within the normal range (7-20), and it does not indicate fluid volume excess. BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen, which is a waste product of protein metabolism that is filtered by the kidneys. High BUN levels can indicate dehydration, kidney damage, or high protein intake.

Choice D reason: Sodium 149 mEq/L is high and indicates fluid volume excess. Sodium is an electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance, blood pressure, and nerve impulses. High sodium levels can cause fluid retention, edema, hypertension, and heart failure.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: 1 slice of bread is equivalent to 1 oz of grains, not protein. Bread is a good source of carbohydrates, fiber, and B vitamins, but it does not provide enough protein for a toddler.

Choice B reason: 1 scrambled egg is equivalent to 1 oz of protein. Egg is a complete protein, meaning it contains all nine essential amino acids that the body cannot make. Egg is also a good source of iron, choline, and vitamin D.

Choice C reason: 1/2 cup peas is equivalent to 1/2 oz of protein and 1/2 cup of vegetables. Peas are an incomplete protein, meaning they lack some essential amino acids. Peas are also a good source of fiber, vitamin C, and folate.

Choice D reason: 2 tbsp peanut butter is equivalent to 2 oz of protein. Peanut butter is an incomplete protein, but it can be combined with bread or crackers to form a complete protein. Peanut butter is also a good source of fat, magnesium, and niacin.

A. Dilute formula with 1 tablespoon of water. B. Place the newborn in a side-lying position if vomiting. C. Position the newborn at a 20-degree angle after feeding. D. Provide a small feeding just before bedtime.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Dilute formula with 1 tablespoon of water is not a correct instruction for GER. Diluting formula can reduce the nutritional value and increase the volume of the feedings, which can worsen GER symptoms and cause dehydration and malnutrition.

Choice B reason: Place the newborn in a side-lying position if vomiting is not a correct instruction for GER. This position can increase the risk of aspiration, which is the inhalation of vomit into the lungs. Aspiration can cause pneumonia, respiratory distress, and death.

Choice C reason: Position the newborn at a 20-degree angle after feeding is a correct instruction for GER. This position can help prevent reflux by using gravity to keep the stomach contents down. The newborn should be kept upright for at least 30 minutes after each feeding.

Choice D reason: Provide a small feeding just before bedtime is not a correct instruction for GER. This can increase the likelihood of reflux during sleep, as the stomach will be full and prone to regurgitation. The last feeding should be given at least 2 to 3 hours before bedtime.

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A nurse is reviewing the laboratory findings of a client who has heart failure. Which of the following findings indicates that the client is experiencing fluid volume excess?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is B

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Correct Answer is C

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