A nurse is teaching a quality improvement course about decreasing the number of urinary tract infections for clients who have indwelling urinary catheters. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching?

Rationale for Correct Choices

• Swaddle the newborn in a blanket: Swaddling helps reduce heat loss through convection and evaporation, which is essential for a preterm newborn who has limited brown fat and poor thermoregulation. Maintaining warmth helps stabilize respiratory effort and metabolic demand. It is appropriate because the newborn’s temperature is below normal and continues to trend low.

• Dry the newborn: Drying reduces evaporative heat loss, which is a major risk immediately after birth, especially for late-preterm infants. Removing moisture from the skin supports temperature stabilization and reduces metabolic stress. This action is essential when temperatures remain below 36.5° C.

• Monitor the newborn’s vital signs: Frequent monitoring helps detect changes in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory drive, all of which can fluctuate rapidly in late-preterm newborns. Continuous monitoring allows the nurse to evaluate whether interventions for temperature and oxygenation are effective.

• Place the newborn under a radiant warmer: A radiant warmer provides controlled heat to support thermoregulation in preterm newborns who cannot maintain temperature independently. With temperatures at 36° C and 36.4° C, thermoregulation support is indicated to prevent cold stress. Radiant warming also helps stabilize oxygenation and metabolic rate.

• Administer free-flow oxygen: The newborn’s oxygen saturation is low at 90–91% on room air, indicating mild respiratory compromise. Providing free-flow oxygen improves oxygenation without requiring invasive airway management. This is appropriate for a newborn with increased respiratory effort but stable heart rate.

• Clear airway using bulb suction: Bulb suctioning is appropriate if secretions contribute to increased respiratory rate or difficulty maintaining saturation. Clearing the airway helps remove mucus that may impair airflow in preterm newborns. It supports spontaneous breathing and improves oxygenation.

Rationale for Incorrect Choices

• Initiate chest compressions: Chest compressions are only indicated when the newborn’s heart rate is below 60/min after at least 30 seconds of effective ventilation. This newborn’s heart rate is between 124–144/min, which is well above the threshold for resuscitation. Chest compressions are unnecessary and inappropriate for this clinical status.

• Place the newborn in prone position: Prone positioning is not recommended for routine stabilization and can compromise airway patency in a newborn requiring continuous monitoring. Supine or side-lying positioning reduces risk of airway obstruction and allows optimal chest expansion. Prone positioning increases risk for respiratory compromise in the acute period.

A. Ensure that the health care provider has consulted with another team member: While consultation may be part of ethical decision-making, it is not the primary action the nurse should take when a comatose client requires consent. The priority is confirming that informed consent is obtained from the appropriate decision-maker.

B. Ensure that the client's 16-year-old child supports the provider's decision for surgery: Minors cannot legally provide consent for medical procedures. The nurse should focus on the legal health care surrogate or guardian rather than the opinion of a minor child.

C. Determine if the procedure is medically necessary for the client: Assessing medical necessity is the provider’s responsibility. The nurse’s role is to advocate for the client by ensuring informed consent is obtained and the surrogate understands the procedure, risks, and benefits.

D. Determine if the health care surrogate understands the risks and benefits of the procedure: The nurse should confirm that the health care surrogate has received adequate information and understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives to the procedure. This ensures ethical and legal consent is obtained for a client unable to make decisions.