A patient receives a vaccine and, days later, their plasma cells begin producing large quantities of antibodies that neutralize the antigen.
Which type of immune defense is demonstrated?

Innate immunity

Autoimmune response

Humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Rationale:
A. Innate immunity is incorrect because it provides immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens and does not involve antibody production. Examples include physical barriers like skin, phagocytic cells, and inflammatory responses.

B. Autoimmune response is incorrect because this occurs when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, rather than responding to a foreign antigen introduced by a vaccine.

C. Humoral immunity is correct because it involves B lymphocytes (B cells) and plasma cells producing antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize specific antigens. Vaccines stimulate this adaptive immune response, creating immunologic memory for future protection.

D. Cell-mediated immunity is incorrect because this arm of the immune system involves T lymphocytes that directly attack infected or abnormal cells, rather than producing antibodies. It is important for fighting viruses, intracellular pathogens, and tumor cells.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Rationale:
A. Should suggest that the patient receive epidural analgesia is incorrect because epidural analgesia is not the standard or first-line approach for pain management in acute pancreatitis. Pain is typically managed pharmacologically with systemic analgesics, usually opioids, rather than invasive regional anesthesia techniques.

B. Provides IV push analgesics as needed is incorrect because PRN dosing can lead to peaks and troughs in pain control. Waiting for pain to become severe before administering medication can increase stress, worsen pancreatic stimulation, and make pain more difficult to control.

C. Administers pain medication on a routine schedule is correct because scheduled analgesia maintains consistent pain relief, prevents pain escalation, reduces physiologic stress, and helps limit pancreatic stimulation. Continuous pain control is essential in acute pancreatitis to promote comfort and healing.

D. Provides oral pain medication on an “as needed” (PRN) basis is incorrect because patients with acute pancreatitis are often NPO and may not tolerate oral medications. Additionally, PRN oral dosing does not provide consistent pain control and is inadequate for severe pancreatic pain.

A. The patient is experiencing an allergic reaction B. The patient is developing neurogenic shock C. The vital signs are normal for this patient D. The patient most likely has an elevated temperature

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Rationale:
A. The patient is experiencing an allergic reaction is incorrect because while hypotension and tachycardia can occur with anaphylaxis, allergic reactions usually present with rash, urticaria, angioedema, and respiratory compromise. The bradycardia and warm, flushed skin are not typical features of an allergic reaction.

B. The patient is developing neurogenic shock is correct because the findings are classic for neurogenic shock, which occurs with spinal cord injuries, especially above T6. Neurogenic shock results from loss of sympathetic nervous system tone, leading to vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia, and warm/flushed skin. Respiratory rate may increase as a compensatory response. Unlike other forms of shock, the skin remains warm due to peripheral vasodilation, differentiating it from hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock, which present with cold, clammy skin.

C. The vital signs are normal for this patient is incorrect because BP 70/50 mm Hg and HR 45 beats/min indicate hemodynamic instability, which is not normal, especially in the context of acute trauma.

D. The patient most likely has an elevated temperature is incorrect because warm, flushed skin in neurogenic shock is due to vasodilation, not fever. There is no information in the scenario to suggest infection or hyperthermia.

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A patient receives a vaccine and, days later, their plasma cells begin producing large quantities of antibodies that neutralize the antigen. Which type of immune defense is demonstrated?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What does the nurse caring for a patient with acute pancreatitis do to provide adequate pain control?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse is caring for a possible cervical spine (CS) injury with blood pressure of 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 45 beats/min, and respirations 26 breaths/min: their skin is warm and flushed. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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A patient receives a vaccine and, days later, their plasma cells begin producing large quantities of antibodies that neutralize the antigen.
Which type of immune defense is demonstrated?