A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT
increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
increased incidence of coronary artery disease
decreased size of the heart muscle
increased work of the left ventricle
The Correct Answer is C
A. Increased damage to blood vessel endothelium: Chronic high blood pressure damages the endothelial lining of arteries, promoting atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of vascular complications. This is a common consequence of severe hypertension.
B. Increased incidence of coronary artery disease: Hypertension accelerates plaque formation in coronary arteries and increases cardiac workload, raising the likelihood of developing coronary artery disease. Elevated pressure contributes to vascular injury and ischemic events.
C. Decreased size of the heart muscle: Hypertension typically causes the heart, especially the left ventricle, to undergo hypertrophy (enlargement) due to increased workload. A decrease in heart muscle size does not occur as a result of high blood pressure.
D. Increased work of the left ventricle: High systemic arterial pressure forces the left ventricle to pump against greater resistance, increasing cardiac workload. This elevated work can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy and eventual heart failure if untreated.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Self-antigens:Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly recognizes the body’s own proteins, or self-antigens, as foreign. This leads to an immune response against the body’s own tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
B. Self-complement proteins:Complement proteins are part of the immune system that help destroy pathogens. Autoimmunity involves targeting self-antigens, not complement proteins, although complement may be involved secondarily in tissue damage.
C. Self-antibodies:Antibodies are produced by B cells. In autoimmune diseases, antibodies may target self-antigens, but the primary issue is the immune system failing to recognize self-antigens, not the antibodies themselves.
D. Self-immunoglobulins:Immunoglobulins are antibodies; autoimmunity involves antibodies targeting self-antigens, not the body’s own immunoglobulins. Self-immunoglobulins are not the trigger of autoimmune disorders.
E. Self-interleukins:Interleukins are signaling molecules for immune communication. Autoimmune diseases are not caused by the immune system attacking interleukins, but rather by a failure to distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Emotions:Emotional states, such as stress or anxiety, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and thus affecting the pulse rate. Emotional fluctuations can cause measurable changes in pulse readings.
B. Activity:Physical activity raises heart rate to meet the increased oxygen and nutrient demands of tissues. Pulse rate typically rises during exercise and decreases with rest, making activity a significant factor.
C. The vessel selected to palpate:The choice of vessel (e.g., radial, carotid, brachial) does not inherently alter the actual heart rate; it only provides a site to detect the pulse. Pulse readings reflect heart rate regardless of which accessible artery is used.
D. Postural changes:Changes in body position, such as standing or sitting, can temporarily influence heart rate due to shifts in venous return and baroreceptor responses. This makes postural changes a relevant factor in pulse rate variability.
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