A vaccine is effective because
the vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection
B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen
the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response
the vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection
The Correct Answer is C
A. The vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection: Vaccines do not contain preformed lymphocytes. Instead, they provide antigens that stimulate the body’s own lymphocytes to develop immunity, allowing the adaptive immune system to respond effectively upon future exposure.
B. B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen: B cells can respond during the primary exposure, but the response is slower and less robust. Vaccines work by preparing the immune system for a faster, stronger secondary response, rather than because B cells are incapable of a primary response.
C. The secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response: Vaccines stimulate memory B and T cells, which allow the immune system to mount a rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposure to the pathogen. This secondary response provides long-lasting immunity and is the primary reason vaccines are effective.
D. The vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection: Vaccines do not contain antibodies; they contain antigens or inactivated pathogens that stimulate the body to produce its own antibodies. Preformed antibodies would provide temporary protection but not long-term immunity.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Inflammation increases capillary permeability:During inflammation, capillaries become more permeable to allow plasma proteins, leukocytes, and nutrients to enter the tissue. This is a key process that facilitates the immune response and tissue repair.
B. Release of prostaglandins results in pain:Prostaglandins are chemical mediators released during inflammation that sensitize nerve endings, causing pain. This serves as a warning signal and helps protect the injured area.
C. Chemotaxis draws leukocytes to the site of injury:Chemotaxis involves the directed migration of leukocytes toward the site of infection or injury. This ensures that immune cells reach affected tissues to fight pathogens and clear debris.
D. Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury:Inflammation is characterized by vasodilation, not vasoconstriction. Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured area, bringing immune cells and nutrients to support the healing process. Vasoconstriction is not part of the inflammatory response.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Lymph nodes:Lymph nodes provide sites where B lymphocytes can encounter antigens and become activated, but they do not directly release antibodies. They function mainly as filtering and immune activation centers.
B. T lymphocytes:T cells mediate cellular immunity by directly attacking infected or abnormal cells or helping activate other immune cells. They do not produce antibodies themselves.
C. Medullary cords:Medullary cords are structures within lymph nodes that contain plasma cells and macrophages. While they house antibody-producing cells, they do not themselves secrete antibodies.
D. B lymphocytes:B cells differentiate into plasma cells upon activation. While they can produce some antibodies initially, the bulk antibody secretion is carried out by the plasma cells they generate.
E. Plasma cells:Plasma cells are fully differentiated B lymphocytes specialized for antibody production. They secrete large quantities of antibodies specific to a particular antigen, making them the primary source of circulating antibodies in adaptive immunity.
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