A pneumothorax can be caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Rupture of a bleb

Lung abscess

Central line placement

Dyspnea

Trauma

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,E

Rationale:
A. Rupture of a bleb is correct because spontaneous pneumothorax often occurs when a subpleural bleb ruptures, allowing air to escape into the pleural space and causing lung collapse. This is commonly seen in young, tall, thin individuals or patients with underlying lung disease.

B. Lung abscess is incorrect because a lung abscess is a localized infection with pus formation within lung tissue. While it causes inflammation and destruction of lung parenchyma, it does not typically introduce air into the pleural space unless it ruptures, which is uncommon and not considered a primary cause of pneumothorax.

C. Central line placement is correct because iatrogenic pneumothorax can occur during procedures such as subclavian or internal jugular central venous catheter insertion if the pleura or lung is accidentally punctured.

D. Dyspnea is incorrect because dyspnea is a symptom, not a cause. It commonly occurs as a result of pneumothorax but does not cause one.

E. Trauma is correct because blunt or penetrating chest trauma (such as rib fractures or stab wounds) can allow air to enter the pleural space, leading to a traumatic pneumothorax.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Rationale:
A. This option is incorrect because ICU psychosis, more accurately referred to as ICU delirium, is a well-recognized and documented condition in critically ill patients. It is characterized by acute changes in cognition, attention, and level of consciousness due to factors such as illness severity, medications, sleep deprivation, and environmental stressors.

B. This option is incorrect because although symptoms may improve after transfer out of the ICU, ICU delirium does not always resolve immediately upon discharge. Many patients continue to experience cognitive disturbances for days or weeks afterward.

C. This option is incorrect because ICU psychosis does not typically last only a few hours. While symptoms can fluctuate throughout the day, the condition generally persists for several days rather than resolving quickly.

D. 1–7 days but can persist for months/years is correct because ICU psychosis commonly lasts several days during critical illness, but research shows that cognitive impairment may persist long-term in some patients, especially older adults or those with severe illness, leading to prolonged or even permanent cognitive deficits.

A. Conditions that interfere with renal perfusion. B. Conditions that act directly on functioning kidney tissue. C. Obstruction of the flow of urine. D. Hypovolemia or decreased cardiac output.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Rationale:
A. Conditions that interfere with renal perfusion is incorrect because this describes pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI). Pre-renal AKI occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is reduced due to hypovolemia, hypotension, heart failure, or shock, leading to decreased glomerular filtration.

B. Conditions that act directly on functioning kidney tissue is incorrect because this describes intrinsic or intra-renal AKI, where the injury is within the kidney itself. Causes include acute tubular necrosis, nephrotoxic medications, infections, or glomerulonephritis.

C. Obstruction of the flow of urine is correct because post-renal AKI occurs when urine cannot exit the kidney, causing backpressure that damages renal function. Common causes include kidney stones, ureteral strictures, bladder outlet obstruction, or enlarged prostate. Early recognition and relief of the obstruction are critical to prevent permanent kidney damage.

D. Hypovolemia or decreased cardiac output is incorrect because these are pre-renal causes of AKI, not post-renal. While they reduce renal perfusion, they do not directly block urine flow, which is the defining feature of post-renal AKI.

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A pneumothorax can be caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

ICU psychosis lasts about how many days?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse knows that acute kidney injury from post renal etiology is caused by what?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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