A pregnant client tells her nurse that she is worried about the blotchy, brownish coloring over her cheeks, nose, and forehead. The nurse can reassure her that this is a normal condition related to hormonal changes. What is the correct term for this integumentary finding?

A. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) refers to bleeding from the uterus that is irregular in volume, duration, or timing and is not related to normal menstruation. This definition makes “mostly irregular uterine bleeding” the most accurate description.
B. AUB originates from the uterus, not the ovaries. While ovarian dysfunction can contribute to AUB, the bleeding itself is classified based on uterine patterns, not ovarian activity.
C. AUB is irregular and does not follow the typical monthly menstrual cycle. It may occur unpredictably or with excessive or prolonged bleeding.
D. Steroids are not the primary treatment for AUB. Medical management usually includes hormonal therapies such as combined oral contraceptives, progestins, or tranexamic acid depending on the underlying cause.

A. Urinary frequency is a normal physiologic change of pregnancy. During the first trimester, increased levels of progesterone and estrogen cause increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, leading to increased urine production. In addition, the enlarging uterus sits low in the pelvis early in pregnancy, placing pressure on the bladder. Symptoms often improve during the second trimester when the uterus rises into the abdominal cavity. Urinary frequency typically returns in the third trimester as the fetal head descends into the pelvis and again compresses the bladder. This response accurately explains the expected pattern and provides reassurance.
B. The course of urinary frequency during pregnancy is well understood and follows a predictable pattern related to anatomic and hormonal changes. Telling the client there is no way to predict its duration is incorrect and does not provide helpful anticipatory guidance.
C. Although urinary tract infections are more common during pregnancy, urinary frequency alone is a common, expected finding in early pregnancy. A UTI would more likely present with additional symptoms such as dysuria, urgency, suprapubic pain, fever, or foul-smelling urine. This response is inappropriate because it assumes pathology without supporting evidence and may cause unnecessary anxiety.
D. Urinary frequency often improves after the first trimester, but it does not permanently resolve at 12 weeks. It commonly reappears in the third trimester due to increased uterine size and fetal descent. Therefore, this statement is incomplete and misleading