Antimicrobics effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed
semisynthetic drugs.
narrow-spectrum drugs.
broad-spectrum drugs.
antibiotics.
synthetic drugs.
The Correct Answer is C
A. semisynthetic drugs: Semisynthetic drugs are chemically modified natural antibiotics. They may have improved stability, spectrum, or pharmacokinetics compared to their natural counterparts, but the term does not define the range of microbial types they affect.
B. narrow-spectrum drugs: Narrow-spectrum drugs are effective against a limited group of microorganisms, such as only Gram-positive bacteria or a specific genus. They are preferred when the causative agent is known to reduce disruption of normal microbiota and minimize resistance development.
C. broad-spectrum drugs: Broad-spectrum drugs are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and sometimes other microbial types. They are useful for empirical therapy when the causative agent is unknown but carry a higher risk of promoting resistance and disrupting normal flora.
D. antibiotics: Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microbes. This term describes the source or mechanism rather than the range of effectiveness; some antibiotics can be narrow- or broad-spectrum.
E. synthetic drugs: Synthetic drugs are entirely chemically synthesized rather than derived from natural sources. Like semisynthetic drugs, the term indicates origin, not the spectrum of activity.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, one sugar: A nucleotide, the basic building block of nucleic acids, consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA), and a single nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil in RNA). The phosphate forms the backbone of the nucleic acid chain, the sugar provides structural support, and the base carries the genetic information.
B. one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, two sugars: Nucleotides contain only one sugar, not two. Including two sugars would create a structure inconsistent with the polymerization and base-pairing rules of nucleic acids.
C. two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, two sugars: This composition is incorrect because a nucleotide contains one phosphate and one sugar. Two phosphates are only present in nucleoside diphosphates (like ADP), which are energy carriers, not in standard nucleotides forming DNA or RNA strands.
D. one phosphate, two nitrogenous bases, one sugar: Each nucleotide contains only one nitrogenous base. Having two bases would disrupt proper base pairing and the linear structure required for DNA and RNA strands.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Exotoxin: Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria that can cause damage to the host by interfering with cellular processes. In tetanus, Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, an exotoxin that affects the nervous system by blocking inhibitory neurotransmitters, leading to muscle rigidity and spasms. Exotoxins are highly potent and often responsible for the major clinical symptoms of bacterial infections.
B. Endotoxin: Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are released mainly when bacteria die and the cell wall breaks down. Endotoxins can trigger fever, inflammation, and septic shock but are not protein toxins and do not cause the neuromuscular effects seen in tetanus.
C. Capsule: A bacterial capsule is a polysaccharide layer surrounding the cell wall that helps bacteria evade phagocytosis and immune defenses. While it contributes to bacterial virulence, it is not a toxin and does not directly cause the neurological symptoms characteristic of tetanus infection.
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