_____ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens.
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
The Correct Answer is E
A. Monocytes: These large leukocytes circulate in the blood before migrating into tissues to differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. While they are vital for phagocytosis and antigen presentation, they are not the primary cells associated with parasitic defense. They act as general scavengers rather than specialized guards against allergens.
B. Lymphocytes: This category includes B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer cells, which are central to the adaptive immune response. While they reside in mucous membranes as part of the MALT system, they do not specialize in the destruction of parasites. Their primary roles involve antibody production and cellular cytotoxicity.
C. Basophils: These granulocytes circulate in the bloodstream and release histamine and heparin to promote inflammation. While they are involved in allergic reactions, they are generally less abundant in the mucous membranes compared to their tissue-resident counterparts. They are not the primary cell type dedicated to neutralizing helminthic parasites.
D. Neutrophils: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells and act as the first responders to acute bacterial infections. They utilize phagocytosis and respiratory bursts to destroy prokaryotic pathogens. They are not specialized for the larger multicellular parasites or the specific IgE-mediated pathways seen in allergic responses.
E. Eosinophils: These granulocytes are specifically adapted to combat parasitic infections by releasing cytotoxic chemicals from their granules. They are found in high concentrations within the respiratory, digestive, and lower urinary tracts. They also play a significant role in modulating allergic inflammatory responses and degrading histamine.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["Erythropoietin"]
Explanation
In response to inadequate oxygen transport, the kidneys and liver increase the synthesis and secretion of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO). This hormone is released into the systemic circulation to act as a chemical messenger. It serves as the primary stimulus for the acceleration of red blood cell production.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. natural active: This form of immunity is acquired through natural exposure to a pathogen during an environmental infection. The body develops its own antibodies and memory cells following the clinical or subclinical course of the disease. It does not involve medical intervention like the administration of a vaccine.
B. artificial active: Vaccination involves the deliberate clinical introduction of attenuated or inactivated antigens into the body. This medical intervention stimulates the recipient’s immune system to produce its own antibodies and long-lived memory cells without causing the disease. It provides long-lasting protection through an induced immune response.
C. natural passive: This immunity occurs through the natural transfer of preformed antibodies from one individual to another, such as from mother to fetus via the placenta. It provides immediate but temporary protection because the recipient’s own immune system is not activated. No memory cells are produced during this process.
D. artificial passive: This involves the clinical injection of exogenous antibodies or antivenoms to provide immediate protection against a specific toxin or pathogen. The immunity is temporary as the injected proteins are eventually degraded and no memory cells are created. It is used for post-exposure prophylaxis rather than long-term prevention.
E. innate: Innate immunity refers to the non-specific, first-line defense mechanisms that are present from birth. It includes physical barriers like the skin and generic cellular responses like phagocytosis. Unlike vaccination, it does not involve the recognition of specific antigens or the development of immunological memory.
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