Classify the following congenital cardiac defects as cyanotic defects or cyanotic defects.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Atrial Septal Defect
Coarctation of the Aorta
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
The Correct Answer is {"A":{"answers":"A"},"B":{"answers":"A"},"C":{"answers":"B"},"D":{"answers":"B"},"E":{"answers":"B"},"F":{"answers":"A"}}
Rationale:
• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is cyanotic because severe underdevelopment of the left heart structures leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, causing systemic hypoxemia from birth.
• Transposition of the Great Arteries is cyanotic as the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched, creating two separate circulations where oxygenated blood does not reach the systemic circulation without a shunt.
• Atrial Septal Defect is acyanotic because it initially causes a left-to-right shunt, increasing pulmonary blood flow without significant desaturation until later complications develop.
• Coarctation of the Aorta is acyanotic since it involves narrowing of the aorta, leading to obstruction of blood flow rather than abnormal mixing, so oxygen saturation typically remains normal.
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus is acyanotic in early stages because blood flows from the higher-pressure aorta into the pulmonary artery, increasing pulmonary circulation without systemic desaturation.
• Tetralogy of Fallot is cyanotic due to the combination of four defects, including right ventricular outflow obstruction, which forces deoxygenated blood into the systemic circulation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","D","E","G"]
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Metformin twice a day, taken with food to prevent GI upset: Metformin is the first-line medication for Type 2 Diabetes and helps improve insulin sensitivity. Taking it with food reduces gastrointestinal side effects, making this a key part of treatment.
B. Long acting lantus before bed to control blood sugar overnight: While insulin may be necessary in some Type 2 Diabetes cases, especially with significant hyperglycemia, it is not typically the initial treatment for newly diagnosed adolescents. It is more common in Type 1 Diabetes or advanced Type 2.
C. Rapid Acting Insulin dosed using a sliding scale before every meal: Sliding scale insulin is generally reserved for Type 1 Diabetes or severe cases of Type 2 Diabetes with uncontrolled glucose. It is not the standard initial treatment in newly diagnosed Type 2 adolescents.
D. Consistent aerobic exercise every day with a goal of 60 minutes per day: Regular physical activity is essential in managing Type 2 Diabetes as it improves insulin sensitivity and aids in weight management.
E. Regular blood sugar monitoring throughout the day: Monitoring blood glucose levels helps track the effectiveness of treatment and guides lifestyle or medication adjustments in Type 2 Diabetes management.
F. Use of a continuous subcutaneous insulin pump to control blood sugar: Insulin pumps are typically used for Type 1 Diabetes. Their use in Type 2 Diabetes is rare and usually reserved for specific cases, not standard treatment.
G. Well balanced diet and monitoring simple sugar intake: Dietary management focusing on balanced nutrition and limiting simple sugars is fundamental in controlling Type 2 Diabetes and preventing glucose spikes.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Girls have a smaller bladder size than boys do: Bladder size does not significantly differ between boys and girls in a way that increases UTI risk. The primary causes of higher UTI incidence in girls are anatomical and related to bacterial access to the urinary tract.
B. Her kidneys are less well protected: Kidney protection is generally similar between boys and girls, and kidney anatomy does not explain the higher UTI rates in females. UTIs usually originate from ascending infections, not direct kidney vulnerability.
C. A girl's urethra is longer than a boy's urethra: This is the opposite of the truth. Girls actually have a much shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel from the perineum to the bladder, increasing infection risk.
D. A girl's urethra is closer to the rectal opening: This proximity makes it easier for bacteria, especially E. coli from the gastrointestinal tract, to reach the urethra. Combined with the short length of the female urethra, this anatomical factor is the main reason why girls experience UTIs more frequently than boys.
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