Community-oriented nursing's primary goal is:

Choice A rationale

The Health Belief Model posits that perceived severity is a motivator for action; if a person believes the consequences would be minor, the perceived threat is low, and they are less likely to take action to improve health or reduce risk. This contradicts the fundamental premise of the model regarding threat perception and health behavior change.

Choice B rationale

The model includes perceived benefits as a core construct. A person must believe that taking action will result in a net positive outcome (benefit outweighs barriers) to be motivated to change a health-related behavior. If they perceive no benefit, they will likely not take action, which contradicts the model's structure.

Choice C rationale

Perceived severity is a key construct in the Health Belief Model, stating that an individual's belief that a condition's consequences would be serious (e.g., pain, death, disability, financial hardship) contributes to a greater perceived threat. This heightened perception of threat acts as a powerful catalyst for engaging in health-promoting actions.

Choice D rationale

While trust in information sources may influence a person's belief in the cues to action (e.g., media messages, physician advice) or the general validity of the health threat, it is not one of the four main core constructs of the model, which are perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers.

Choice A rationale

Japan has a universal healthcare system and, while its health expenditure is significant, it spends less per capita on healthcare than the United States. Their system is characterized by strict government regulation of fees and mandatory insurance to control overall costs.

Choice B rationale

Canada operates a publicly funded, single-payer health care system that ensures universal access to medically necessary services. Due to centralized control over costs and pricing, its total and per capita health spending are substantially lower than the United States.

Choice C rationale

The United Kingdom (England) has the National Health Service (NHS), a publicly funded and administered healthcare system. This government control over provision and costs results in significantly lower health expenditure as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and per capita spending compared to the United States.

Choice D rationale

The United States consistently spends more per capita on health care and a higher percentage of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health care than any other developed country in the world. This high cost is attributed to factors like higher prices for services and drugs, the complexity of the system, and the prevalence of chronic disease.