Cystitis is an infection of the bladder that results in mucosal inflammation, congestion, and detrusor muscle hyperactivity. As a result, what symptoms will the client experience?
Urgency
All choices are correct
Dysuria
Urinary frequency
The Correct Answer is B
A. Urgency is a hallmark symptom of cystitis caused by the inflammatory irritation of the bladder mucosa and subsequent detrusor muscle hyperactivity. The inflamed bladder wall signals a need to void even when the actual volume of urine is very low. This creates a sudden, compelling, and difficult-to-delay urge to urinate for the patient.
B. All choices are correct because cystitis characteristically presents with a triad of lower urinary tract symptoms including urgency, frequency, and dysuria. These symptoms are physiological responses to the infectious process and the resulting inflammation of the bladder lining. Together, they form the classic clinical picture of an uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection.
C. Dysuria, or painful urination, results from the passage of urine over the inflamed and sensitized mucosal surfaces of the bladder neck and urethra. The inflammatory mediators lower the pain threshold of the local sensory nerve endings during the micturition cycle. It is frequently described by patients as a sharp, burning sensation during or after voiding.
D. Urinary frequency occurs because the hyperactive detrusor muscle and mucosal congestion reduce the functional capacity of the bladder. The bladder feels full at much smaller volumes than normal, leading the individual to void many times throughout the day and night. This is a direct consequence of the inflammatory irritation caused by the pathogen.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The formation of renal cysts is the primary pathology of polycystic kidney disease, which is a genetic structural disorder. Acute pyelonephritis is an infectious process and does not involve the development of cysts within the parenchyma. While both can lead to renal failure, their underlying mechanisms and clinical presentations are entirely different.
B. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the renal glomeruli are compensatory mechanisms often seen in early diabetes or after a unilateral nephrectomy. These are chronic adaptive changes to increased workload rather than an acute infectious response. Acute pyelonephritis involves cellular infiltration and tissue damage rather than the growth of healthy glomerular structures.
C. Obstruction of the ureters by calculi is a mechanical issue that can cause hydronephrosis and potentially predispose a patient to infection. However, the stones themselves are not the infectious process of pyelonephritis. While obstruction can be a complicating factor, pyelonephritis specifically refers to the bacterial invasion of the kidney tissue itself.
D. Inflammation and infection of the renal interstitium and tubules are the defining pathophysiological processes of acute pyelonephritis. This usually results from an ascending urinary tract infection where bacteria travel from the bladder to the kidneys. The resulting inflammatory response causes the systemic symptoms of fever and the localized sensation of costovertebral angle tenderness.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 30 and 59 mL/min signifies Stage 3 chronic kidney disease, indicating a moderate reduction in renal function. At this level, patients often begin to manifest complications such as secondary hyperparathyroidism, anemia, and early bone disease. It represents a more advanced decline than Stage 2.
B. The eGFR range of 15 to 29 mL/min is classified as Stage 4 chronic kidney disease, which is a severe reduction in kidney function. Patients at this stage are typically being prepared for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. This reflects significant nephron loss and a high risk for systemic metabolic acidosis.
C. Stage 2 chronic kidney disease is defined by an eGFR of 60 to 89 mL/min, representing a mild reduction in renal filtration. To meet the diagnostic criteria for CKD at this stage, there must also be evidence of structural kidney damage, such as persistent albuminuria. It indicates the early stages of progressive renal impairment.
D. An eGFR ≥90 mL/min is considered Stage 1 chronic kidney disease if there is concurrent evidence of kidney damage, such as proteinuria or structural abnormalities. This value represents normal or high filtration capacity. In the absence of other markers of damage, this range is simply considered normal physiological renal function for most adults.
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